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Abstract:
The pigment content in microalgae is a specific feature of each species. Colors from natural sources are gaining more importance mainly due to health and environmental issues. Algae contain a wide range of pigments. Three major classes of pigments are chlorophylls, carotenoids (carotenes and xanthophylls) and phycobilins (Phycocyanin and phycoerythrin). Phycocyanin and phycoerythrin belong to the major class of phycobilins photosynthetic pigment while fucoxanthin and peridinin belong to carotenoid group of photosynthetic pigment. Macro- and microalgae (including cyanobacteria) have been recognized to provide a wide diversity of metabolites including pigments for energy capture and photo-protection. One of the main objectives is to identify and select potential micro- and macroalgae species that can be used a raw material for the color industry.
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References
- References:
- Apt, K.E., and P.W. Behrens. 1999. Commercial developments in microalgal biotechnology. Journal of phycology 35:215-226.
- Becker, W. 2004. The nutritional value of microalgae for aquaculture . In: A. Richmond (ed.). Microalgae for Aquaculture. Handbook of Microalgal Culture. Blackwell, Oxford, London. pp. 380-391.
- Beer S., A. Eshel. 1985. Determining phycoerythrin and phycocyanin concentrations in aqueous crude extracts of red algae. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 36(6): 785-792.
- Benemann, J.R., J.C., Van Olst, M.J. Massingill, J.C. Weissman, D.E. Brune. 2002. 6th ICGGCT, 1-4 Oct, Kyoto , Japan [available at http://www.rite.or.jp/GHGT6/pdf/I5-2.pdf].
- Dring, M.J. 1982. The Biology of Marine Plants. Edward Arnold. pp 1-8.
- Evan, L.V. 1988. The effects of spectral composition and irradiance level on pigment levels in seaweeds. In: Experimental Phycology. Lobban, C.S., Chapman D.J. and Kremer, B.P. Eds. New York. pp 123-134.
- Hofmann, E., P.M. Wrench, F.P. Sharples, R.G. Hiller, W .Welte, K. Diederichs. 1996. Structural basis of light harvesting by carotenoids: peridinin-chlorophyll-protein from Amphidinium carterae. Science. 272 (5269): 1788–1791.
- Jeffry, S.W., and G.F. Humphrey. 1975. New spectrophotometric equations for determining chlorophyll a, b, c1 and c2 in higher plants, algae and natural phytoplankton. Biochem. Physiol. Pflanzen. 167: 191-194.
- Kaczmar. Phytoplankton Pigments. http://water.iopan.gda.pl/~kaczmar/bdo/pigments.htm Cited 15 Nov 2004.
- Kirk, J.T.O., and R.L. Allen, 1965. Dependence of chloroplast pigments synthesis on protein synthesis: effect of actidione. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communication 21(6): 523-530.
- Kursar, T.A., and R.S. Alberte. 1983. Photosynthetic unit organization in red alga: relationship between Light-harvesting pigments and reaction centers. Plant Physiology 72(2): 409-414.
- Lichtenthaler, H.K., and A.R. Wellburn. 1983. Determination of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents. Biochemical Society Transactions 11: 591-603.
- Mackinney G. 1941. Absorption of light by chlorophyll solution. Journal of Biological Chemistry 140: 315-322.
- Muller-Feuga, A. 2000. The role of microalgae in aquaculture: situation and trends. Journal of Applied Phycology 12(3-5): 527-534.
- Porra R.J., W.A., Thompson, and P.E. Kriedemann. 1989. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 975: 384-394.
- Pulz, O., K. Scheibenbogen, and W. Gross. 2001. Biotechnology with cyanobacteria and microalgae. In H.J. Rehm; G. Reed, A. Puhler et.al (eds). Biotechnology. 2nd edition Vol. 10 Wiley VCH, Weinheim, Germany. pp. 105-36.
- Seely, G.R., M.J.Duncan, and W.E. Vidaver. 1972. Preparative and Analytical extraction of pigments from brown algae with dimethyl sulfoxide. Marine Boilogy 12: 184-188.
- Strickland J. D.H., and T.R. Parsons. 1968. A Practical Handbook of Seawater Analysis, 2nd Edition. Fisheries Research Board of Canada 167: 31.
- UNESCO, Rep. SCOR/UNESCO WG 17, UNESCO, Paris, Monographs on Oceanographie Methodology, 1, 11 (1966).
References
References:
Apt, K.E., and P.W. Behrens. 1999. Commercial developments in microalgal biotechnology. Journal of phycology 35:215-226.
Becker, W. 2004. The nutritional value of microalgae for aquaculture . In: A. Richmond (ed.). Microalgae for Aquaculture. Handbook of Microalgal Culture. Blackwell, Oxford, London. pp. 380-391.
Beer S., A. Eshel. 1985. Determining phycoerythrin and phycocyanin concentrations in aqueous crude extracts of red algae. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 36(6): 785-792.
Benemann, J.R., J.C., Van Olst, M.J. Massingill, J.C. Weissman, D.E. Brune. 2002. 6th ICGGCT, 1-4 Oct, Kyoto , Japan [available at http://www.rite.or.jp/GHGT6/pdf/I5-2.pdf].
Dring, M.J. 1982. The Biology of Marine Plants. Edward Arnold. pp 1-8.
Evan, L.V. 1988. The effects of spectral composition and irradiance level on pigment levels in seaweeds. In: Experimental Phycology. Lobban, C.S., Chapman D.J. and Kremer, B.P. Eds. New York. pp 123-134.
Hofmann, E., P.M. Wrench, F.P. Sharples, R.G. Hiller, W .Welte, K. Diederichs. 1996. Structural basis of light harvesting by carotenoids: peridinin-chlorophyll-protein from Amphidinium carterae. Science. 272 (5269): 1788–1791.
Jeffry, S.W., and G.F. Humphrey. 1975. New spectrophotometric equations for determining chlorophyll a, b, c1 and c2 in higher plants, algae and natural phytoplankton. Biochem. Physiol. Pflanzen. 167: 191-194.
Kaczmar. Phytoplankton Pigments. http://water.iopan.gda.pl/~kaczmar/bdo/pigments.htm Cited 15 Nov 2004.
Kirk, J.T.O., and R.L. Allen, 1965. Dependence of chloroplast pigments synthesis on protein synthesis: effect of actidione. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communication 21(6): 523-530.
Kursar, T.A., and R.S. Alberte. 1983. Photosynthetic unit organization in red alga: relationship between Light-harvesting pigments and reaction centers. Plant Physiology 72(2): 409-414.
Lichtenthaler, H.K., and A.R. Wellburn. 1983. Determination of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents. Biochemical Society Transactions 11: 591-603.
Mackinney G. 1941. Absorption of light by chlorophyll solution. Journal of Biological Chemistry 140: 315-322.
Muller-Feuga, A. 2000. The role of microalgae in aquaculture: situation and trends. Journal of Applied Phycology 12(3-5): 527-534.
Porra R.J., W.A., Thompson, and P.E. Kriedemann. 1989. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 975: 384-394.
Pulz, O., K. Scheibenbogen, and W. Gross. 2001. Biotechnology with cyanobacteria and microalgae. In H.J. Rehm; G. Reed, A. Puhler et.al (eds). Biotechnology. 2nd edition Vol. 10 Wiley VCH, Weinheim, Germany. pp. 105-36.
Seely, G.R., M.J.Duncan, and W.E. Vidaver. 1972. Preparative and Analytical extraction of pigments from brown algae with dimethyl sulfoxide. Marine Boilogy 12: 184-188.
Strickland J. D.H., and T.R. Parsons. 1968. A Practical Handbook of Seawater Analysis, 2nd Edition. Fisheries Research Board of Canada 167: 31.
UNESCO, Rep. SCOR/UNESCO WG 17, UNESCO, Paris, Monographs on Oceanographie Methodology, 1, 11 (1966).