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Abstract
In 2016, Barramundi, Lates calcaifer juveniles imported from Thailand to the aquaculture station at Sultan Qaboos University exhibited remarkable external clinical signs of losing scales, severe muscle necrosis, and ascites. Fin rot was also observed in the diseased fish. The mortality reached more than 90 % and it was assumed that certain bacterial species were associated with the diseased fish. The objective of the present study was to investigate the infection route of disease, revealing the causative agent and finding the most effective antibiotic treatment. The suspected pathogen vehicle was mosquito larvae in the outlet of the culture tank as bacterium was isolated inside the mosquito larvae. Primary, traditional phenotypic tests and the vitic test confirmed that the bacteria were pathogenic Aeromonas sobria and Lactococcus garvieae. Eight of the most commonly used antibiotics in the aquaculture industry was used for antibiotic susceptibility test. It showed that that Gentamycin was the most effective antibiotic while the most effective environmentally friendly source was henna, Lawsonia inermis, at a concentration of 10%.
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References
- Abdulmoneim M. A. 2007. Evaluation of Lawsonia inermis Linn. (Sudani Henna) Leaf Extracts as an Antimicrobial Agent. Research Journal of Biological Sciences 2 (4), 419-423.
- Almaqbool, A.Z., A.K Bashir, A. Farouk and A.K.M. Salih, 1985. Antimicrobial activity of certain Sudanese plants used in Folkloric Medicine Screening for Antimicrobial Activity (IV). Fitoterapia, 56: 331.
- Azaizeh, H., S. Fulder, K. Said and O. Khalil, 2003. Ethno-Botanical knowledge of local Arab practitioners in the Meddle Eastern region. Fitoterapia, 74: 98-108.
- Barramundi. (November 16 2017). Retrieved November 18, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barramundi.
- Bromage E. S. and Owens L. 2002. Infection of barramundi Lates calcarifer with Streptococcus iniae: effects of different routes of exposure. Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia, Diseases of aquatic organisms 52, 199–205.
- Hittino E. C. 1999. Actococcus garvieae and Streptococcus iniae infections in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: similar, but different diseases. Diseases of aquatic organisms 36, 227–231.
- Majtán, J., Černy, J., Ofúkaná, A., Takáč, P., & Kozánek, M. 2012. Mortality of therapeutic fish Garra rufa caused by Aeromonas sobria. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(2), 85-87.
- Natarajan, M.R. and D. Lalithankumar, 1987. Leaf extracts of Lawsonia inermis as antifungal agent. Curr. Sci, 56:1021-1022.
- Ostovaria A., Hoseinieha S. M., Peikaria M., Shadizadehb S. R. and Hashemia S. J. 2009. Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1 M HCl solution by henna extract: A comparative study of the inhibition by henna and its constituents (Lawsone, Gallic acid, α-d-Glucose and Tannic acid). Corrosion Science, 51(9), 1935-1949.
- Vendrell D., Luis J., Balcázar, Ruiz-Zarzuela I., de Blas I., Gironés O., and Múzquiz J. L. 2006. Lactococcus garvieae in fish: A review. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 29 (4), 177-198.
References
Abdulmoneim M. A. 2007. Evaluation of Lawsonia inermis Linn. (Sudani Henna) Leaf Extracts as an Antimicrobial Agent. Research Journal of Biological Sciences 2 (4), 419-423.
Almaqbool, A.Z., A.K Bashir, A. Farouk and A.K.M. Salih, 1985. Antimicrobial activity of certain Sudanese plants used in Folkloric Medicine Screening for Antimicrobial Activity (IV). Fitoterapia, 56: 331.
Azaizeh, H., S. Fulder, K. Said and O. Khalil, 2003. Ethno-Botanical knowledge of local Arab practitioners in the Meddle Eastern region. Fitoterapia, 74: 98-108.
Barramundi. (November 16 2017). Retrieved November 18, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barramundi.
Bromage E. S. and Owens L. 2002. Infection of barramundi Lates calcarifer with Streptococcus iniae: effects of different routes of exposure. Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia, Diseases of aquatic organisms 52, 199–205.
Hittino E. C. 1999. Actococcus garvieae and Streptococcus iniae infections in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: similar, but different diseases. Diseases of aquatic organisms 36, 227–231.
Majtán, J., Černy, J., Ofúkaná, A., Takáč, P., & Kozánek, M. 2012. Mortality of therapeutic fish Garra rufa caused by Aeromonas sobria. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(2), 85-87.
Natarajan, M.R. and D. Lalithankumar, 1987. Leaf extracts of Lawsonia inermis as antifungal agent. Curr. Sci, 56:1021-1022.
Ostovaria A., Hoseinieha S. M., Peikaria M., Shadizadehb S. R. and Hashemia S. J. 2009. Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1 M HCl solution by henna extract: A comparative study of the inhibition by henna and its constituents (Lawsone, Gallic acid, α-d-Glucose and Tannic acid). Corrosion Science, 51(9), 1935-1949.
Vendrell D., Luis J., Balcázar, Ruiz-Zarzuela I., de Blas I., Gironés O., and Múzquiz J. L. 2006. Lactococcus garvieae in fish: A review. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 29 (4), 177-198.