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Abstract
Sustainable agricultural production could be assessed through energy-use efficiency (EUE). Thus, this paper aims to evaluate the EUE for cucumber greenhouse production in Oman. Data were obtained by interviewing farmers (face-to-face). Result indicated that total energy inputs (e.g. electricity, water, fertilizers and agrochemicals) and total energy output (cucumber yield) were 1159726.0 MJ ha-1 and 89942.9 MJ ha-1, respectively. The highest energy consuming input in the greenhouse production was electricity, consuming 88% of total energy input. This indicates that electricity had again the highest impact in cucumber greenhouse production and 99% of electricity goes for cooling the greenhouse. When all energy inputs were classified into its forms; direct (D) and indirect (ID), and renewable (R) and non-renewable (NR), the highest portion of total energy forms in greenhouse cucumber production was for D and NR energy. The EUE and energy productivity (EP) were found to be 0.07 and 0.10 kg MJ-1, respectively. Energy use in greenhouse cucumber production was inefficient and solar energy need to be implemented to improve cucumber greenhouse sustainability production.
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References
- Abdel-Rahman, H A, & Abdel-Magid I M. 1993. Water conservation in Oman. Water international. 18(2): 95-102.
- Al-Ajmi, H, & Abdel-Rahman H A. 2001. Water management intricacies in the Sultanate of Oman. The augmentation–conservation conundrum. Water international. 26(1): 68-79.
- Al-Ismaili, A M, Al-Mezeini N, & Jayasuriya H. 2017. Controlled environment agriculture in Oman: Facts and mechanization potentials. Agricultural mechanization in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. 48(2): 45-51.
- Al-Kiyoomi, K S. 2006. Greenhouse cucumber production systems in Oman: A study on the effect of cultivation practices on crop diseases and crop yields [PhD]. [UK]: The University of Reading.
- Al-Sadi, A M, Al-Ghaithi A G, Deadman M L, & Al-Said F A. 2010. Spatial analysis of phylogenetic and phenotypic diversity in Pythium populations from a single greenhouse Acta horticulturae. 871: 449-456.
- Al-Sadi, A M, Al-Said F A, Al-Jabri A H, Al-Mahmooli I H, Al-Hinai A H, & De Cock A W A M. 2011. Occurrence and characterization of fungi and oomycetes transmitted via potting mixtures and organic manures. Crop Protection. 30(1): 38-44.
- Banaeian, N, Omid M, & Ahmadi H. 2011. Energy and economic analysis of greenhouse strawberry production in Tehran Province of Iran. Energy Conversion and Management. 52(2): 1020-1025.
- Bolandnazar, E, Keyhani A, & Omid M. 2014. Determination of efficient and inefficient greenhouse cucumber producers using Data Envelopment Analysis approach, a case study: Jiroft city in Iran. Journal of Cleaner Production. 79(Supplement C): 108-115.
- Firoozi, S, Sheikhdavoodi M J, & Mohammadi Farani S. 2014.
- Optimizing energy consumption efficiency for greenhouse cucumber production using the data envelopment analysis technique in Lorestan Province of Iran. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research. 2(3): 636-649.
- Hamedani, S R, Keyhani A, & Alimardani R. 2011. Energy use patterns and econometric models of grape production in Hamadan province of Iran. Energy. 36(11): 6345-6351.
- Hatirli, S A, Ozkan B, & Fert C. 2005. An econo
- metric analysis of energy input–output in Turkish agriculture. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 9(6): 608-623.
- Heidari, M, & Omid M. 2010. Energy use patterns and econometric models of major greenhouse vegetable productions in Iran. Energy. 36(1): 220-225.
- Heidari, M, & Omid M. 2011. Energy use patterns and econometric models of major greenhouse vegetable productions in Iran. Energy. 36(1): 220-225.
- Kizilaslan, H. 2009. Input–output energy analysis of cherries production in Tokat Province of Turkey. Applied Energy. 86(7): 1354-1358.
- Maf. 2009. Technical extension guide of controlled enviroment agriculture technologies in Oman. Oman: Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries pp.
- Maf. 2013. 2012/2013 agricultural censes report. Oman: Ministry of Agricultural and Fisheries pp.
- Mohammadi, A, & Omid M. 2010. Economical analysis and relation between energy inputs and yield of greenhouse cucumber production in Iran. Applied Energy. 87(1): 191-196.
- Mohammadi, A, Rafiee S, Mohtasebi S S, & Rafiee H. 2010. Energy inputs–yield relationship and cost analysis of kiwifruit production in Iran. Renewable energy. 35(5): 1071-1075.
- Mohammadi, A, Tabatabaeefar A, Shahin S, Rafiee S, & Keyhani A. 2008. Energy use and economical analysis of potato production in Iran a case study: Ardabil province. Energy Conversion and Management. 49(12): 3566-3570.
- Mousavi-Avval, S H, Rafiee S, Jafari A, & Mohammadi A. 2011. Improving energy use efficiency of canola production using data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach. Energy. 36(5): 2765-2772.
- Omid, M, Ghojabeige F, Delshad M, & Ahmadi H. 2011. Energy use pattern and benchmarking of selected greenhouses in Iran using data envelopment analysis. Energy Conversion and Management. 52(1): 153-162.
- Ozkan, B, Ceylan R F, & Kizilay H. 2011. Energy inputs and crop yield relationships in greenhouse winter crop tomato production. Renewable energy. 36(11): 3217-3221.
- Ozkan, B, Fert C, & Karadeniz C F. 2007. Energy and cost analysis for greenhouse and open-field grape production. Energy. 32(8): 1500-1504.
- Shrestha, D S. Energy Use Efficiency Indicator for Agriculture [Internet]. Available from: http://www.usask.ca/agriculture/caedac/PDF/mcrae.PDF
- Taki, M, Abdi R, Akbarpour M, & Mobtaker H G. 2013. Energy inputs–yield relationship and sensitivity analysis for tomato greenhouse production in Iran. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal. 15(1): 59-67.
- Zarini, R L, Ghasempour A, & Mostafavi S M. 2013. A comparative study on energy use of greenhouse and open-field cucumber production systems in Iran. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 5(13): 1437.
References
Abdel-Rahman, H A, & Abdel-Magid I M. 1993. Water conservation in Oman. Water international. 18(2): 95-102.
Al-Ajmi, H, & Abdel-Rahman H A. 2001. Water management intricacies in the Sultanate of Oman. The augmentation–conservation conundrum. Water international. 26(1): 68-79.
Al-Ismaili, A M, Al-Mezeini N, & Jayasuriya H. 2017. Controlled environment agriculture in Oman: Facts and mechanization potentials. Agricultural mechanization in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. 48(2): 45-51.
Al-Kiyoomi, K S. 2006. Greenhouse cucumber production systems in Oman: A study on the effect of cultivation practices on crop diseases and crop yields [PhD]. [UK]: The University of Reading.
Al-Sadi, A M, Al-Ghaithi A G, Deadman M L, & Al-Said F A. 2010. Spatial analysis of phylogenetic and phenotypic diversity in Pythium populations from a single greenhouse Acta horticulturae. 871: 449-456.
Al-Sadi, A M, Al-Said F A, Al-Jabri A H, Al-Mahmooli I H, Al-Hinai A H, & De Cock A W A M. 2011. Occurrence and characterization of fungi and oomycetes transmitted via potting mixtures and organic manures. Crop Protection. 30(1): 38-44.
Banaeian, N, Omid M, & Ahmadi H. 2011. Energy and economic analysis of greenhouse strawberry production in Tehran Province of Iran. Energy Conversion and Management. 52(2): 1020-1025.
Bolandnazar, E, Keyhani A, & Omid M. 2014. Determination of efficient and inefficient greenhouse cucumber producers using Data Envelopment Analysis approach, a case study: Jiroft city in Iran. Journal of Cleaner Production. 79(Supplement C): 108-115.
Firoozi, S, Sheikhdavoodi M J, & Mohammadi Farani S. 2014.
Optimizing energy consumption efficiency for greenhouse cucumber production using the data envelopment analysis technique in Lorestan Province of Iran. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research. 2(3): 636-649.
Hamedani, S R, Keyhani A, & Alimardani R. 2011. Energy use patterns and econometric models of grape production in Hamadan province of Iran. Energy. 36(11): 6345-6351.
Hatirli, S A, Ozkan B, & Fert C. 2005. An econo
metric analysis of energy input–output in Turkish agriculture. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 9(6): 608-623.
Heidari, M, & Omid M. 2010. Energy use patterns and econometric models of major greenhouse vegetable productions in Iran. Energy. 36(1): 220-225.
Heidari, M, & Omid M. 2011. Energy use patterns and econometric models of major greenhouse vegetable productions in Iran. Energy. 36(1): 220-225.
Kizilaslan, H. 2009. Input–output energy analysis of cherries production in Tokat Province of Turkey. Applied Energy. 86(7): 1354-1358.
Maf. 2009. Technical extension guide of controlled enviroment agriculture technologies in Oman. Oman: Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries pp.
Maf. 2013. 2012/2013 agricultural censes report. Oman: Ministry of Agricultural and Fisheries pp.
Mohammadi, A, & Omid M. 2010. Economical analysis and relation between energy inputs and yield of greenhouse cucumber production in Iran. Applied Energy. 87(1): 191-196.
Mohammadi, A, Rafiee S, Mohtasebi S S, & Rafiee H. 2010. Energy inputs–yield relationship and cost analysis of kiwifruit production in Iran. Renewable energy. 35(5): 1071-1075.
Mohammadi, A, Tabatabaeefar A, Shahin S, Rafiee S, & Keyhani A. 2008. Energy use and economical analysis of potato production in Iran a case study: Ardabil province. Energy Conversion and Management. 49(12): 3566-3570.
Mousavi-Avval, S H, Rafiee S, Jafari A, & Mohammadi A. 2011. Improving energy use efficiency of canola production using data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach. Energy. 36(5): 2765-2772.
Omid, M, Ghojabeige F, Delshad M, & Ahmadi H. 2011. Energy use pattern and benchmarking of selected greenhouses in Iran using data envelopment analysis. Energy Conversion and Management. 52(1): 153-162.
Ozkan, B, Ceylan R F, & Kizilay H. 2011. Energy inputs and crop yield relationships in greenhouse winter crop tomato production. Renewable energy. 36(11): 3217-3221.
Ozkan, B, Fert C, & Karadeniz C F. 2007. Energy and cost analysis for greenhouse and open-field grape production. Energy. 32(8): 1500-1504.
Shrestha, D S. Energy Use Efficiency Indicator for Agriculture [Internet]. Available from: http://www.usask.ca/agriculture/caedac/PDF/mcrae.PDF
Taki, M, Abdi R, Akbarpour M, & Mobtaker H G. 2013. Energy inputs–yield relationship and sensitivity analysis for tomato greenhouse production in Iran. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal. 15(1): 59-67.
Zarini, R L, Ghasempour A, & Mostafavi S M. 2013. A comparative study on energy use of greenhouse and open-field cucumber production systems in Iran. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 5(13): 1437.