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This study assesses the feasibility of co-management arrangements in managing scalloped spiny lobster (Panulirus homarus) fishery in the Sultanate of Oman. The appraisal is conducted using various indicators involving pre-implementation phase and institutional characteristics and substantiated by findings of the review of relevant local and global literature and the results of a structured questionnaire survey conducted during 9-28 June, 2013 with 536 randomly selected fishers from three Governorates namely Sharqiyah, Al-Wusta, and Dhofar. The former method helps identifying suitable assessment criteria and provides indication of readiness while the later method helps determining primary stakeholders’ perceived views on various aspects of regulatory measures and co-management arrangements. While findings related to fishers’ commitments, willingness to support government decisions, willingness to participate in co-operative research, and preference for co-operative decision-making are promising, institutional weaknesses identified under the category of ‘interactive organization’, ‘resource ownership and control’, ‘existence of planned process’, and ‘diversity’ should be of major concerns for policy-makers in moving towards co-management arrangements. Based on the findings some policy implications are also discussed.
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References
- References
- Abdullah, NMR., Kuperan, K., & Pomeroy, RS. 1998. Transaction costs and fisheries co-management. Marine Resource Economics, 13(2), 103-114.
- Acheson, JM. 1989. Management of common property resources. In S. Plattner (Ed.), Economic anthropology (pp. 351–378). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
- Agarwal, B. 2000. Conceptualizing environmental collective action: Why gender matters. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 24(3), 283–310.
- Al-Balushi, AH, Bose, S, & Govender, A. 2016. Stakeholders’ views on management arrangements: A case of kingfish fishery in the Sultanate of Oman. Natural Resources, 7(05), 251-264.
- Al-Habsi, MS. 2012, Co-management Approach to Marine Fisheries in the Northern Part of Al-Batinah Region, Oman. MSc. Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Management and Economics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia, p 292.
- Al-Haddabi, ASH. 2010. A fisheries management plan for the rock lobster (Panulirus homarus, Linnaeus, 1758) of the Sultanate of Oman. Master of Science in Fisheries Science Thesis submitted to the University of Hull, UK.
- Al-Marshudi, AS, Kotagama, H. 2006. Socio-economic structure and performance of traditional fishermen in the Sultanate of Oman. Marine Resource Economics, 21, 221-230.
- Al-Oufi HS., Claereboudt, M., Mcllwain, J., & Goddard, S., 2004. Stock assessment and biology of the kingfish (Scomberomorus commerson) in the Sultanate of Oman. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Oman.
- Al-Oufi, HS. 2002. Factors Influencing the Emergence of Collective Action in a Traditional Fishery of Oman: An Empirical Assessment of Three Coastal Fishing Towns in South Al-Batinah. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), August 19-22, 2002, Wellington, New Zealand: Fisheries in the Global Economy. IIFET, Corvallis, Oregon, USA, 2002. CD ROM.
- Al-Oufi HS., McLean, E. & Palfreman, A. 2000. Observations upon the Al-Batinah artisanal fishery, the Sultanate of Oman. Marine Policy, 24(5), 423-429.
- Al-Shubi, KKN., Bose, S. & Al-Masroori, HS. 2013. Fishers’ compliance motivations: A case study of the Sultanate of Oman. Marine Policy, 37(1), 141-148.
- Al-Siyabi, M. & Bose, S. 2018. Capacity Utilization in Small-Scale Fisheries: A Case of the Sultanate of Oman. Sri Lanka Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 23(2), 163-172.
- Bergmann, M., Hinz, H., Blyth, RE., Kaiser, MJ., Rogers, SI. & Armstrong, M., 2004. Using knowledge from fishers and fisheries scientists to identify possible groundfish ‘essential fish habitats’. Fisheries Research, 66, 373-379.
- Berkes, F. 2009. Evolution of co-management: role of knowledge generation, bridging organizations and social learning. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(5), 1692-1702.
- Bose, S., Al-Masroori, HS. & Al-Habsi, AMHA. 2017. Traditional fisheries enforcement program: A case of three coastal villages in the eastern part of Oman. Marine Policy, 78, 61-67.
- Bose, S., Al-Kindy, F., Al-Balushi, A., & Rajab, MM. 2013. Accounting the unaccounted: Case of women’s participation in shellfish harvesting in the Sultanate of Oman. Gender, Technology and Development, 17(1), 31-53.
- Bose, S., Al-Mazrouai, A., Al-Habsi, S., Al-Busaidi, I. & Al-Nahdi, A. 2010. Fisheries and food security: The case of the Sultanate of Oman. In proceedings of the International Conference on Food Security in the Arab Countries: New Challenges and Opportunities in the Context of Global Price Volatility; 2-4 March, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
- Bose, S. & Crees-Morris, A. 2009. Stakeholder's views on fisheries compliance: An Australian case study. Marine Policy, 33, 248-253.
- Charles, AT. 2008. Sustainable fishery systems. John Wiley & Sons.
- Chuenpagdee, R., & Jentoft, S. 2007. Step zero for fisheries co-management: what precedes implementation. Marine Policy, 31(6), 657-668.
- Cinner, JE., Daw, TM., McClanahan, TR., Muthiga, N., Abunge, C., Hamed, S., Mwaka, B., Rabearisoa, A., Wamukota, A., Fisher, E. & Jiddawi, N. 2012. Transitions toward co-management: the process of marine resource management devolution in three east African countries. Global Environmental Change, 22(3), 651-658.
- Davis, NA. 2008. Evaluating collaborative fisheries management planning: A Canadian case study. Marine Policy, 32(6), 867-876.
- Donda, S. 2017. Who benefits from fisheries co-management? A case study in Lake Chiuta, Malawi. Marine Policy, 80, 147-153.
- FAO. 2018. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA) - Meeting the Sustainable
- Development Goals, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
- FAO. 2017. Small-scale Fisheries, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
- FAO. 2012. The Near East and North Africa Regional Consultative Meeting on Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries: Bringing Together Responsible Fisheries and Social Development, Meeting held in Muscat, March 26-28, 2012, Sultanate of Oman.
- Fiorino, DJ. 1990. Citizen participation and environmental risk: a survey of institutional mechanisms. Science, Technology and Human Values 15:226-243.
- Gordon, H. 1954. The economic theory of a common property resource: The fishery. Journal of Political Economy, 62(2), 124–142.
- Grafton, RQ., Kompas, T., McLoughlin, R., & Rayns, N. 2007. Benchmarking for fisheries governance. Marine Policy, 31(4), 470-479.
- Hardin, G. 1968. The tragedy of the commons, Science, 162(3859), 1243-1248.
- Hartley, T. W. and Robertson, R. A., 2006. Stakeholder engagement, cooperative fisheries research and democratic science: the case of the northeast consortium. Human Ecology Review, 13(2), 161-171.
- Jentoft, S. 1989. Fisheries co-management: delegating government responsibility to fishermen's organizations. Marine Policy, 13(2), 137-154.
- Jentoft, S. 2004. Institutions in fisheries: what they are, what they do, and how they change. Marine Policy, 28(2), 137-149.
- Jentoft, S. 2014. Walking the talk: Implementing the international voluntary guidelines for securing sustainable small-scale fisheries. Maritime Studies, 13(1), 1-16.
- Jentoft, S. & McCay, B. 1995. User participation in fisheries management: lessons drawn from international experiences. Marine Policy, 19(3), 227-246.
- Jentoft, S., McCay, B. J., & Wilson, D. C. 1998. Social theory and fisheries co-management. Marine Policy, 22(4-5), 423-436.
- Kalikoski, D, & N Franz. 2014. Strengthening Organizations and Collective Action in Fisheries. A way Forward in Implementing the International Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries. Rome: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Proceedings. No. 32.
- McCay, BJ. & Jentoft, S. 1996. From the bottom up: participatory issues in fisheries management. Society & Natural Resources, 9(3), 237-250.
- Mackinson, S., 2001. Integrating local and scientific knowledge: an example of fisheries science. Environmental Management, 27(4), 533-545.
- Mehanna, S., Al-Shijibi, S., Al-Jafary, J. & Al-Senaidi, R. (2012). Population dynamics and management of scalloped spiny lobster Panulirus homarus in Oman coastal waters, Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 2(10), 184-194.
- MAF. 2012. Lobster fishery in Oman: current status and future sight. Report submitted by the Marine Science and Fisheries Centre and Salalah Research Centre, Sultanate of Oman.
- MNE (then Ministry of National Economy, now Supreme Council of Planning)) 2007a. Long-term Development Strategy (1996-2020): Vision for Oman’s Economy (Oman 2020), Ministry of National Economy, Sultanate of Oman.
- MNE. 2007b. Seventh five-year development plan 2006-2010. Ministry of National Economy, Sultanate of Oman.
- Nenadovic, M., & Epstein, G. 2016. The relationship of social capital and fishers’ participation in multi-level governance arrangements. Environmental Science & Policy, 61, 77-86.
- Nielsen, JR., Degnbol, P., Viswanathan, KK., Ahmed, M., Hara, M., & Abdullah, NMR. 2004. Fisheries co-management—an institutional innovation? Lessons from South East Asia and Southern Africa. Marine Policy, 28(2), 151-160.
- Noble, BF. 2000. Institutional criteria for co-management. Marine Policy, 24(1), 69-77.
- Ostrom, E. 1990. Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Ostrom, E. 2000. Collective action and the evolution of social norms. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(3), 137-158.
- Ostrom, E. 2003. How types of goods and property rights jointly affect collective action. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 15(3), 239–270.
- Ostrom, E. 1998. A behavioral approach to the rational choice theory of collective action: Presidential address, American Political Science Association, 1997. American Political Science Review, 92(1), 1-22.
- Plummer, R., & Fitzgibbon, J. (2004). Co-management of natural resources: a proposed framework. Environmental Management, 33(6), 876-885.
- Pomeroy, RS. 2012. Managing overcapacity in small-scale fisheries in Southeast Asia. Marine Policy, 36(2), 520-527.
- Pomeroy, RS. (1995). Community-based and co-management institutions for sustainable coastal fisheries management in Southeast Asia. Ocean & Coastal Management, 27(3), 143-162.
- Pomeroy, RS. & Berkes, F., 1997. Two to tango: the role of government in fisheries co-management. Marine Policy, 21, 465-480.
- Rogers, P. 2002. Management directions for the Oman rock lobster (Panulirus homarus) fishery, Report submitted to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and Oman Fisheries Company, January 2002, Muscat.
- Rydin, Y., & Pennington, M. 2000. Public participation and local environmental planning: the collective action problem and the potential of social capital. Local Environment, 5(2), 153-169.
- Salas, S., Chuenpagdee, R., Seijo, JC. & Charles, A. 2007. Challenges in the assessment and management of small-scale fisheries in Latin America and the Caribbean. Fisheries Research, 87(1), 5-16.
- SCP (Supreme Council for Planning). (2016). Report on 2012-2017 for Fisheries Sector. Sultanate of Oman, Muscat, Oman.
- Schlager, E. & Ostrom E. 1992. Property-rights regimes and natural resources: A conceptual analysis. Land Economics, 68(3), 249–262.
- Schuhbauer, A. & Sumaila, UR. 2016. Economic viability and small-scale fisheries—A review. Ecological Economics, 124, 69-75.
- Schusler, TM., Decker, DJ. & Pfeffer, MJ. 2003. Social learning for collaborative natural resource management. Society & Natural Resources, 16(4), 309-326.
- Seabright, P. 1993. Managing local commons: Theoretical issues in incentive design. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 7(4), 113–134.
- Sen, A. 1995. Rationality and social choice. The American Economic Review, 85 (1), 1-24.
- Sen, S., & Nielsen, JR. 1996. Fisheries co-management: a comparative analysis. Marine Policy, 20(5), 405-418.
- Singleton, S. 2000. Co‐operation or capture? The paradox of co‐management and community participation in natural resource management and environmental policy-making.
- Environmental Politics, 9(2), 1-21.
- Teh, LS., Teh, LC. & Sumaila, UR. 2011. Quantifying the overlooked socio-economic contribution of small-scale fisheries in Sabah, Malaysia. Fisheries Research, 110(3), 450-458.
- Teh, LC. & Sumaila, UR. 2013. Contribution of marine fisheries to worldwide employment. Fish and Fisheries, 14(1), 77-88.
- WB & MAF. 2015. Sustainable Management of the Fisheries Sector in Oman: A Vision for Shared Prosperity. Report Submitted to Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF).
- Yandle, T. 2008. The promise and perils of building a co-management regime: an institutional assessment of New Zealand fisheries management between 1999 and 2005. Marine Policy, 32(1), 132-141.
- Yang, D., & Pomeroy, R. 2017. The impact of community-based fisheries management (CBFM) on equity and sustainability of small-scale coastal fisheries in the Philippines. Marine Policy, 86, 173-181.
References
References
Abdullah, NMR., Kuperan, K., & Pomeroy, RS. 1998. Transaction costs and fisheries co-management. Marine Resource Economics, 13(2), 103-114.
Acheson, JM. 1989. Management of common property resources. In S. Plattner (Ed.), Economic anthropology (pp. 351–378). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Agarwal, B. 2000. Conceptualizing environmental collective action: Why gender matters. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 24(3), 283–310.
Al-Balushi, AH, Bose, S, & Govender, A. 2016. Stakeholders’ views on management arrangements: A case of kingfish fishery in the Sultanate of Oman. Natural Resources, 7(05), 251-264.
Al-Habsi, MS. 2012, Co-management Approach to Marine Fisheries in the Northern Part of Al-Batinah Region, Oman. MSc. Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Management and Economics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia, p 292.
Al-Haddabi, ASH. 2010. A fisheries management plan for the rock lobster (Panulirus homarus, Linnaeus, 1758) of the Sultanate of Oman. Master of Science in Fisheries Science Thesis submitted to the University of Hull, UK.
Al-Marshudi, AS, Kotagama, H. 2006. Socio-economic structure and performance of traditional fishermen in the Sultanate of Oman. Marine Resource Economics, 21, 221-230.
Al-Oufi HS., Claereboudt, M., Mcllwain, J., & Goddard, S., 2004. Stock assessment and biology of the kingfish (Scomberomorus commerson) in the Sultanate of Oman. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Oman.
Al-Oufi, HS. 2002. Factors Influencing the Emergence of Collective Action in a Traditional Fishery of Oman: An Empirical Assessment of Three Coastal Fishing Towns in South Al-Batinah. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), August 19-22, 2002, Wellington, New Zealand: Fisheries in the Global Economy. IIFET, Corvallis, Oregon, USA, 2002. CD ROM.
Al-Oufi HS., McLean, E. & Palfreman, A. 2000. Observations upon the Al-Batinah artisanal fishery, the Sultanate of Oman. Marine Policy, 24(5), 423-429.
Al-Shubi, KKN., Bose, S. & Al-Masroori, HS. 2013. Fishers’ compliance motivations: A case study of the Sultanate of Oman. Marine Policy, 37(1), 141-148.
Al-Siyabi, M. & Bose, S. 2018. Capacity Utilization in Small-Scale Fisheries: A Case of the Sultanate of Oman. Sri Lanka Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 23(2), 163-172.
Bergmann, M., Hinz, H., Blyth, RE., Kaiser, MJ., Rogers, SI. & Armstrong, M., 2004. Using knowledge from fishers and fisheries scientists to identify possible groundfish ‘essential fish habitats’. Fisheries Research, 66, 373-379.
Berkes, F. 2009. Evolution of co-management: role of knowledge generation, bridging organizations and social learning. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(5), 1692-1702.
Bose, S., Al-Masroori, HS. & Al-Habsi, AMHA. 2017. Traditional fisheries enforcement program: A case of three coastal villages in the eastern part of Oman. Marine Policy, 78, 61-67.
Bose, S., Al-Kindy, F., Al-Balushi, A., & Rajab, MM. 2013. Accounting the unaccounted: Case of women’s participation in shellfish harvesting in the Sultanate of Oman. Gender, Technology and Development, 17(1), 31-53.
Bose, S., Al-Mazrouai, A., Al-Habsi, S., Al-Busaidi, I. & Al-Nahdi, A. 2010. Fisheries and food security: The case of the Sultanate of Oman. In proceedings of the International Conference on Food Security in the Arab Countries: New Challenges and Opportunities in the Context of Global Price Volatility; 2-4 March, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
Bose, S. & Crees-Morris, A. 2009. Stakeholder's views on fisheries compliance: An Australian case study. Marine Policy, 33, 248-253.
Charles, AT. 2008. Sustainable fishery systems. John Wiley & Sons.
Chuenpagdee, R., & Jentoft, S. 2007. Step zero for fisheries co-management: what precedes implementation. Marine Policy, 31(6), 657-668.
Cinner, JE., Daw, TM., McClanahan, TR., Muthiga, N., Abunge, C., Hamed, S., Mwaka, B., Rabearisoa, A., Wamukota, A., Fisher, E. & Jiddawi, N. 2012. Transitions toward co-management: the process of marine resource management devolution in three east African countries. Global Environmental Change, 22(3), 651-658.
Davis, NA. 2008. Evaluating collaborative fisheries management planning: A Canadian case study. Marine Policy, 32(6), 867-876.
Donda, S. 2017. Who benefits from fisheries co-management? A case study in Lake Chiuta, Malawi. Marine Policy, 80, 147-153.
FAO. 2018. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA) - Meeting the Sustainable
Development Goals, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
FAO. 2017. Small-scale Fisheries, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
FAO. 2012. The Near East and North Africa Regional Consultative Meeting on Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries: Bringing Together Responsible Fisheries and Social Development, Meeting held in Muscat, March 26-28, 2012, Sultanate of Oman.
Fiorino, DJ. 1990. Citizen participation and environmental risk: a survey of institutional mechanisms. Science, Technology and Human Values 15:226-243.
Gordon, H. 1954. The economic theory of a common property resource: The fishery. Journal of Political Economy, 62(2), 124–142.
Grafton, RQ., Kompas, T., McLoughlin, R., & Rayns, N. 2007. Benchmarking for fisheries governance. Marine Policy, 31(4), 470-479.
Hardin, G. 1968. The tragedy of the commons, Science, 162(3859), 1243-1248.
Hartley, T. W. and Robertson, R. A., 2006. Stakeholder engagement, cooperative fisheries research and democratic science: the case of the northeast consortium. Human Ecology Review, 13(2), 161-171.
Jentoft, S. 1989. Fisheries co-management: delegating government responsibility to fishermen's organizations. Marine Policy, 13(2), 137-154.
Jentoft, S. 2004. Institutions in fisheries: what they are, what they do, and how they change. Marine Policy, 28(2), 137-149.
Jentoft, S. 2014. Walking the talk: Implementing the international voluntary guidelines for securing sustainable small-scale fisheries. Maritime Studies, 13(1), 1-16.
Jentoft, S. & McCay, B. 1995. User participation in fisheries management: lessons drawn from international experiences. Marine Policy, 19(3), 227-246.
Jentoft, S., McCay, B. J., & Wilson, D. C. 1998. Social theory and fisheries co-management. Marine Policy, 22(4-5), 423-436.
Kalikoski, D, & N Franz. 2014. Strengthening Organizations and Collective Action in Fisheries. A way Forward in Implementing the International Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries. Rome: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Proceedings. No. 32.
McCay, BJ. & Jentoft, S. 1996. From the bottom up: participatory issues in fisheries management. Society & Natural Resources, 9(3), 237-250.
Mackinson, S., 2001. Integrating local and scientific knowledge: an example of fisheries science. Environmental Management, 27(4), 533-545.
Mehanna, S., Al-Shijibi, S., Al-Jafary, J. & Al-Senaidi, R. (2012). Population dynamics and management of scalloped spiny lobster Panulirus homarus in Oman coastal waters, Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 2(10), 184-194.
MAF. 2012. Lobster fishery in Oman: current status and future sight. Report submitted by the Marine Science and Fisheries Centre and Salalah Research Centre, Sultanate of Oman.
MNE (then Ministry of National Economy, now Supreme Council of Planning)) 2007a. Long-term Development Strategy (1996-2020): Vision for Oman’s Economy (Oman 2020), Ministry of National Economy, Sultanate of Oman.
MNE. 2007b. Seventh five-year development plan 2006-2010. Ministry of National Economy, Sultanate of Oman.
Nenadovic, M., & Epstein, G. 2016. The relationship of social capital and fishers’ participation in multi-level governance arrangements. Environmental Science & Policy, 61, 77-86.
Nielsen, JR., Degnbol, P., Viswanathan, KK., Ahmed, M., Hara, M., & Abdullah, NMR. 2004. Fisheries co-management—an institutional innovation? Lessons from South East Asia and Southern Africa. Marine Policy, 28(2), 151-160.
Noble, BF. 2000. Institutional criteria for co-management. Marine Policy, 24(1), 69-77.
Ostrom, E. 1990. Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ostrom, E. 2000. Collective action and the evolution of social norms. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(3), 137-158.
Ostrom, E. 2003. How types of goods and property rights jointly affect collective action. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 15(3), 239–270.
Ostrom, E. 1998. A behavioral approach to the rational choice theory of collective action: Presidential address, American Political Science Association, 1997. American Political Science Review, 92(1), 1-22.
Plummer, R., & Fitzgibbon, J. (2004). Co-management of natural resources: a proposed framework. Environmental Management, 33(6), 876-885.
Pomeroy, RS. 2012. Managing overcapacity in small-scale fisheries in Southeast Asia. Marine Policy, 36(2), 520-527.
Pomeroy, RS. (1995). Community-based and co-management institutions for sustainable coastal fisheries management in Southeast Asia. Ocean & Coastal Management, 27(3), 143-162.
Pomeroy, RS. & Berkes, F., 1997. Two to tango: the role of government in fisheries co-management. Marine Policy, 21, 465-480.
Rogers, P. 2002. Management directions for the Oman rock lobster (Panulirus homarus) fishery, Report submitted to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and Oman Fisheries Company, January 2002, Muscat.
Rydin, Y., & Pennington, M. 2000. Public participation and local environmental planning: the collective action problem and the potential of social capital. Local Environment, 5(2), 153-169.
Salas, S., Chuenpagdee, R., Seijo, JC. & Charles, A. 2007. Challenges in the assessment and management of small-scale fisheries in Latin America and the Caribbean. Fisheries Research, 87(1), 5-16.
SCP (Supreme Council for Planning). (2016). Report on 2012-2017 for Fisheries Sector. Sultanate of Oman, Muscat, Oman.
Schlager, E. & Ostrom E. 1992. Property-rights regimes and natural resources: A conceptual analysis. Land Economics, 68(3), 249–262.
Schuhbauer, A. & Sumaila, UR. 2016. Economic viability and small-scale fisheries—A review. Ecological Economics, 124, 69-75.
Schusler, TM., Decker, DJ. & Pfeffer, MJ. 2003. Social learning for collaborative natural resource management. Society & Natural Resources, 16(4), 309-326.
Seabright, P. 1993. Managing local commons: Theoretical issues in incentive design. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 7(4), 113–134.
Sen, A. 1995. Rationality and social choice. The American Economic Review, 85 (1), 1-24.
Sen, S., & Nielsen, JR. 1996. Fisheries co-management: a comparative analysis. Marine Policy, 20(5), 405-418.
Singleton, S. 2000. Co‐operation or capture? The paradox of co‐management and community participation in natural resource management and environmental policy-making.
Environmental Politics, 9(2), 1-21.
Teh, LS., Teh, LC. & Sumaila, UR. 2011. Quantifying the overlooked socio-economic contribution of small-scale fisheries in Sabah, Malaysia. Fisheries Research, 110(3), 450-458.
Teh, LC. & Sumaila, UR. 2013. Contribution of marine fisheries to worldwide employment. Fish and Fisheries, 14(1), 77-88.
WB & MAF. 2015. Sustainable Management of the Fisheries Sector in Oman: A Vision for Shared Prosperity. Report Submitted to Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF).
Yandle, T. 2008. The promise and perils of building a co-management regime: an institutional assessment of New Zealand fisheries management between 1999 and 2005. Marine Policy, 32(1), 132-141.
Yang, D., & Pomeroy, R. 2017. The impact of community-based fisheries management (CBFM) on equity and sustainability of small-scale coastal fisheries in the Philippines. Marine Policy, 86, 173-181.