Main Article Content
Abstract
Capillary barriers (CBs) as engineered porous composites is novel and promising technology for mitigating salinity and drought stress of plants. This study aimed to imitate a naturally formed CB structure recently discovered in the reservoir bed of Al-Khoud dam at the Governorate of Muscat in northern Oman and to test the impact of this unique CB on mitigating the salinity stress of marigold plants grown under an open field condition. A plot was constructed and divided into “structured” (engineered cascade CB design) and “unstructured” soils and planted with marigold (Tagetes erecta) plants that were subjected to four salinity treatments (control with ECi ≈ 0.6 dS m-1 ; 3 dS m-1; 6 dS m-1; and 9 dS m-1). Plant physiological, vegetative, and reproductive growth parameters were measured in each treatment. The results showed that the structured soil significantly saved irrigation water and reduce salts accumulation. Structured soil improved all vegetative and reproductive plant parameters measured and helped in reducing the effects of salinity stress on the growth and production of the marigold under arid-climate field conditions. The results also showed the capability of structured soil in water saving and improving water use efficiency. This study substantiates a novel method in mitigating salinity problem and in water saving in arid and semi-arid regions, in particular in Oman. Further studies are required to test the use of the engineered cascade CB design with different crops and with alternative (e.g. subsurface) irrigation methods.
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References
- Abrol IP, Yadav JSP, Massoud FI. 1988. Salt-affected soils and their management. FAO Soils Bulletin 39, Rome
- Al-Ismaily S, Al-Maktoumi A, Kacimov A, Al-Saqri S, Al-Busaidi H. 2013. The impact of a recharge dam on the hydropedology of arid zone soils in oman: anthropogenic formation factor. J Hydrol Eng. 10.1061/ (ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000886, 04014053
- Al-Ismaily S, Al-Maktoumi A, Kacimov A, Al-Saqri S, Al-Busaidi H, Al-Haddabi M . 2013. Morphed block-crack preferential sedimentation in a reservoir bed: a smart design and evolution in nature. Hydrol Sci J, 58(8): 1779-1788
- Al-Maktoumi A, Al-Ismaily S, Kacimov A, Al-Busaidi H, Al-Saqri S, Al-Hadabi M. 2014. Soil substrate as a cascade of capillary barriers for conserving water in a desert environment: lessons learned from arid nature. J Arid Land 6(6): 690-703
- Al-Mazroui, M, Al-Yahyai, R, Al-Ismaily S, Kacimov A. 2019. The effects of layered artificial substrates on marigold vegetative and reproductive growth. Acta Hort. (In Press).
- Al-Mulla Y. 2010. Salinity mapping in Oman using remote sensing tools: status and trends. Published in the Monograph on Management of Salt-Affected Soils and Water for Sustainable Agriculture (Mushtaque A, Al-Rawahi SA, Hussain N (eds)). Sultan Qaboos University, Oman, pp 17–24
- Al-Rawahy SA, Ahmed M, Hussain N. 2010. Management of salt-affected soils and water for sustainable agriculture: the project. Published in the Monograph on Management of Salt-Affected Soils and Water for Sustainable Agriculture (Mushtaque A, Al-Rawahi SA, Hussain N (eds)). Sultan Qaboos University, Oman, pp 1–8
- Al-Saqri S, Al-Maktoumi A, Al-Ismaily S, Kacimov A, Al-Busaidi H. 2016. Hydropedology and soil evolution in explaining the hydrological properties of recharge dams in arid zone environments. Arab J Geosci 9(1):1–12. doi: 10.1007/s12517-015-2076-0
- Ashraf MY, Khan MA, Maqvi SSM. 1991. Effect of salinity on seedling growth and solutes accumulation in two wheat genotypes. Rachis 10:30–31
- Bouyoucos GJ. 1962. Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils. Agron J 54:464–5.
- Bruch PG. 1993. A laboratory study of evaporative fluxes in homogeneous and layered soils. MSc Thesis, Dept of Civil Eng, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Cude SM, Ankeny MD, Norton JB, Kelleners TJ, Strom CF. 2018. Capillary barriers improve reclamation in drastically disturbed semiarid shrubland. Arid Land Res Manag32(3): 259-276.
- Ghassemi F, Jakeman AJ, Nix HA. 1995. Salinisation of land and water resources: human causes, extent, management and case studies. University of New South Wales press, Sydney
- Goosen MFA, Shayya WH. 1999. Water management, purification and conservation in arid climates. In: Goosen MFA, Shayya WH (eds) Water management, vol I. Technomic Publishing Co., Lancaster, pp 1–6
- Hendawy SF, Khalid KA. 2005. Response of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) plants to zinc application under different salinity levels. J Appl Sci Res 1:147–155
- Huang M, Lee Barbour S, Elshorbagy A, Zettl JD, Si BC. 2011. Infiltration and drainage processes in multi-layered coarse soils. Can J Soil Sci 91:169–183
- Ityel E, Lazarovitch N, Silberbush M, Ben-Gal A. 2012. An artificial capillary barrier to improve root-zone conditions for horticultural crops: Response of pepper plants to matric head and irrigation water salinity. Agri Water Manage 105: 13-20
- Ityel E, Lazarovitch N, Silberbush M, Ben-Gal A. 2010. An artificial capillary barrier to improve root zone conditions for horticultural crops: physical effects on water content. Irrig Sci 29(2):171–180. doi: 10.1007/s00271-010-0227-3
- Jamil A, Riaz S, Ashraf M, Foolad M. 2011. Gene expression profiling of plants under salt stress. Crit Rev Plant Sci 30:435–458
- Kacimov A, Al-Maktoumi A, Al-Ismaily S, Al-Busaidi H. 2017. Moisture and temperature in a proppant-enveloped silt block of a recharge dam reservoir: Laboratory experiment and 1-D mathematical modelling. JAMS 22(1): 8-17
-
- Khan AH, Ashraf MY, Naqvi SSM, Khanzada B, Ali M. 1995. Growth, ion and solute contents of sorghum grown under NaCl and Na2SO4 salinity stress. Acta Physiol Plant 17:261–268
- Kim HJ, Fonseca JM, Choi JH, Kubota C, Kwon DY. 2008. Salt in irrigation water affects the nutritional and visual properties of romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). J Agric Food Chem 56:3772–3776
- Machado RMA, Serralheiro RP. 2017. Soil salinity: effect on vegetable crop growth. Management practices to prevent and mitigate soil salinization. Horticulture 3:30. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae3020030
- Munns R. 1993. Physiological processes limiting plant growth in saline soils: some dogmas and hypotheses. Plant Cell Environ 16:15–24
- Nemoto Y, Sasakuma T. 2002. Differential stress responses of early salt-stress responding genes in common wheat. Phytochemistry 61:129–133
- Ozturk A, Unlukara A, Ipek A, Gurbuz B. 2004. Effect of salt stress and water deficit on plant growth and essential oil content of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.). Pak J Bot 36:787–792
- Qadir M, Ghafoor A, Murtaza G. 2000. Amelioration strategies for saline soils: a review. Land Degrad Dev 11:501–521
- Rhoades JD. 1996. Salinity: Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. Methods Soil Anal Part 3—Chemical Methods 417–435
- Rooney DJ, Brown KW, Thomas JC. 1998. The effectiveness of capillary barriers to hydraulically isolate salt contaminated soils. Water Air Soil Pollut 104:1573–2932
- Rout NP, Shaw BP. 2001. Salt tolerance in aquatic macrophytes: possible involvement of the antioxidative enzymes. Plant Sci 160(3):415–423
-
- Sadegh-Zadeh F, Seh-Bardan BJ, Samsuri AW, Mohammadi A, Chorom M, Yazdani GA. 2009. Saline soil reclamation by means of layered mulch. Arid Land Res Manag 23(2):127–136
- SAS Institute Inc. 2018. SAS/STAT (Version 9.4). Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
- Sinclair TR, Tanner CB, Bennett JM. 1984. Water-use efficiency in crop production. BioScience 34(1):36–40
- Soil Survey Staff . 2014. Soil Survey Field and Laboratory Methods Manual.Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 51 Version 2. USDA-NRCS, Lincoln, NE
- Van Genuchten MT van, Leij FJ, Yates SR. 1991. The RETC code for quantifying the hydraulic functions of unsaturated soils
- Wongkaew A, Saito H, Fujimaki H, Šimůnek J. 2018. Numerical analysis of soil water dynamics in a soil column with an artificial capillary barrier growing leaf vegetables. Soil Use Manage 34(2): 206-215
- Zornberg J, McCartney J, Bouazza A. 2010. Geosynthetic capillary barriers: current state of knowledge. Geosynth Int 17(5):273–300
References
Abrol IP, Yadav JSP, Massoud FI. 1988. Salt-affected soils and their management. FAO Soils Bulletin 39, Rome
Al-Ismaily S, Al-Maktoumi A, Kacimov A, Al-Saqri S, Al-Busaidi H. 2013. The impact of a recharge dam on the hydropedology of arid zone soils in oman: anthropogenic formation factor. J Hydrol Eng. 10.1061/ (ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000886, 04014053
Al-Ismaily S, Al-Maktoumi A, Kacimov A, Al-Saqri S, Al-Busaidi H, Al-Haddabi M . 2013. Morphed block-crack preferential sedimentation in a reservoir bed: a smart design and evolution in nature. Hydrol Sci J, 58(8): 1779-1788
Al-Maktoumi A, Al-Ismaily S, Kacimov A, Al-Busaidi H, Al-Saqri S, Al-Hadabi M. 2014. Soil substrate as a cascade of capillary barriers for conserving water in a desert environment: lessons learned from arid nature. J Arid Land 6(6): 690-703
Al-Mazroui, M, Al-Yahyai, R, Al-Ismaily S, Kacimov A. 2019. The effects of layered artificial substrates on marigold vegetative and reproductive growth. Acta Hort. (In Press).
Al-Mulla Y. 2010. Salinity mapping in Oman using remote sensing tools: status and trends. Published in the Monograph on Management of Salt-Affected Soils and Water for Sustainable Agriculture (Mushtaque A, Al-Rawahi SA, Hussain N (eds)). Sultan Qaboos University, Oman, pp 17–24
Al-Rawahy SA, Ahmed M, Hussain N. 2010. Management of salt-affected soils and water for sustainable agriculture: the project. Published in the Monograph on Management of Salt-Affected Soils and Water for Sustainable Agriculture (Mushtaque A, Al-Rawahi SA, Hussain N (eds)). Sultan Qaboos University, Oman, pp 1–8
Al-Saqri S, Al-Maktoumi A, Al-Ismaily S, Kacimov A, Al-Busaidi H. 2016. Hydropedology and soil evolution in explaining the hydrological properties of recharge dams in arid zone environments. Arab J Geosci 9(1):1–12. doi: 10.1007/s12517-015-2076-0
Ashraf MY, Khan MA, Maqvi SSM. 1991. Effect of salinity on seedling growth and solutes accumulation in two wheat genotypes. Rachis 10:30–31
Bouyoucos GJ. 1962. Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils. Agron J 54:464–5.
Bruch PG. 1993. A laboratory study of evaporative fluxes in homogeneous and layered soils. MSc Thesis, Dept of Civil Eng, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
Cude SM, Ankeny MD, Norton JB, Kelleners TJ, Strom CF. 2018. Capillary barriers improve reclamation in drastically disturbed semiarid shrubland. Arid Land Res Manag32(3): 259-276.
Ghassemi F, Jakeman AJ, Nix HA. 1995. Salinisation of land and water resources: human causes, extent, management and case studies. University of New South Wales press, Sydney
Goosen MFA, Shayya WH. 1999. Water management, purification and conservation in arid climates. In: Goosen MFA, Shayya WH (eds) Water management, vol I. Technomic Publishing Co., Lancaster, pp 1–6
Hendawy SF, Khalid KA. 2005. Response of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) plants to zinc application under different salinity levels. J Appl Sci Res 1:147–155
Huang M, Lee Barbour S, Elshorbagy A, Zettl JD, Si BC. 2011. Infiltration and drainage processes in multi-layered coarse soils. Can J Soil Sci 91:169–183
Ityel E, Lazarovitch N, Silberbush M, Ben-Gal A. 2012. An artificial capillary barrier to improve root-zone conditions for horticultural crops: Response of pepper plants to matric head and irrigation water salinity. Agri Water Manage 105: 13-20
Ityel E, Lazarovitch N, Silberbush M, Ben-Gal A. 2010. An artificial capillary barrier to improve root zone conditions for horticultural crops: physical effects on water content. Irrig Sci 29(2):171–180. doi: 10.1007/s00271-010-0227-3
Jamil A, Riaz S, Ashraf M, Foolad M. 2011. Gene expression profiling of plants under salt stress. Crit Rev Plant Sci 30:435–458
Kacimov A, Al-Maktoumi A, Al-Ismaily S, Al-Busaidi H. 2017. Moisture and temperature in a proppant-enveloped silt block of a recharge dam reservoir: Laboratory experiment and 1-D mathematical modelling. JAMS 22(1): 8-17
Khan AH, Ashraf MY, Naqvi SSM, Khanzada B, Ali M. 1995. Growth, ion and solute contents of sorghum grown under NaCl and Na2SO4 salinity stress. Acta Physiol Plant 17:261–268
Kim HJ, Fonseca JM, Choi JH, Kubota C, Kwon DY. 2008. Salt in irrigation water affects the nutritional and visual properties of romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). J Agric Food Chem 56:3772–3776
Machado RMA, Serralheiro RP. 2017. Soil salinity: effect on vegetable crop growth. Management practices to prevent and mitigate soil salinization. Horticulture 3:30. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae3020030
Munns R. 1993. Physiological processes limiting plant growth in saline soils: some dogmas and hypotheses. Plant Cell Environ 16:15–24
Nemoto Y, Sasakuma T. 2002. Differential stress responses of early salt-stress responding genes in common wheat. Phytochemistry 61:129–133
Ozturk A, Unlukara A, Ipek A, Gurbuz B. 2004. Effect of salt stress and water deficit on plant growth and essential oil content of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.). Pak J Bot 36:787–792
Qadir M, Ghafoor A, Murtaza G. 2000. Amelioration strategies for saline soils: a review. Land Degrad Dev 11:501–521
Rhoades JD. 1996. Salinity: Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. Methods Soil Anal Part 3—Chemical Methods 417–435
Rooney DJ, Brown KW, Thomas JC. 1998. The effectiveness of capillary barriers to hydraulically isolate salt contaminated soils. Water Air Soil Pollut 104:1573–2932
Rout NP, Shaw BP. 2001. Salt tolerance in aquatic macrophytes: possible involvement of the antioxidative enzymes. Plant Sci 160(3):415–423
Sadegh-Zadeh F, Seh-Bardan BJ, Samsuri AW, Mohammadi A, Chorom M, Yazdani GA. 2009. Saline soil reclamation by means of layered mulch. Arid Land Res Manag 23(2):127–136
SAS Institute Inc. 2018. SAS/STAT (Version 9.4). Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
Sinclair TR, Tanner CB, Bennett JM. 1984. Water-use efficiency in crop production. BioScience 34(1):36–40
Soil Survey Staff . 2014. Soil Survey Field and Laboratory Methods Manual.Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 51 Version 2. USDA-NRCS, Lincoln, NE
Van Genuchten MT van, Leij FJ, Yates SR. 1991. The RETC code for quantifying the hydraulic functions of unsaturated soils
Wongkaew A, Saito H, Fujimaki H, Šimůnek J. 2018. Numerical analysis of soil water dynamics in a soil column with an artificial capillary barrier growing leaf vegetables. Soil Use Manage 34(2): 206-215
Zornberg J, McCartney J, Bouazza A. 2010. Geosynthetic capillary barriers: current state of knowledge. Geosynth Int 17(5):273–300