The Effectiveness of Family Group Counseling Program Based on Structural Theory in the Parenting Skills and Family Parental Adjustment among Alternative Families

Siham D. Abueita; Hanadi A. Alniemat

doi:10.53543/jeps.vol13iss3pp592-614

Submitted

Jul 11, 2019

Published

Jul 11, 2019

Download

PDF

Statistic

Read Counter : 1998 Download : 1244

Abstract

This study aimed to explore the impact of a family group counseling program in the parenting skills and family parental adjustment among alternative families that have included a child into their families through alternative care programs offered by the Ministry of Social Development. The study population which was selected in a purposive way, consisted of (16) alternative families. They were randomly assigned into which experimental group (8) families and the control group (8) families, the parental skills and the family parental adjustment scales were applied pre, posttest and fellow up test at the study groups. A family counseling program based on structural theory had been developed, it consists of (15) sessions and applied on the experimental group. The results of the study indicated: There were statistically significant differences in the total, sub tests parental skills, and the family parental adjustment; were in a favor of the experimental group. There were no statistically significant differences in the parental skills and family adjustment according to the gender. There were no statistically significant differences between post-test and the follow-up test on the experimental group in the parental skills and family parental adjustment. The study recommended applying this program, on alternative families.

Keywords

Family group counseling. structural theory. parenting skills. family parental adjustment. alternative families.

References

بلبل، لمياء (2008). واقع الرعاية البديلة في العالم العربي. المجلس العربي للطفولة والتنمية، 1، 2-19.
الجداونة، دعاء (2017). فاعلية برنامج إرشاد جمعي مستند إلى النظرية البنائية في تحسين التربية الوالدية وخفض مشاعر الفقدان لدى الأرامل اللاجئات السوريات وأطفالهن، رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة، الجامعة الهاشمية، الزرقاء، الأردن.
الحوات، علي (1989). رعاية الطفل المحروم: الاسس الاجتماعية والنفسية للرعاية البديلة للطفولة، معهد الانماء العربي، الطبعة الاولى، الرباط.
الشوبكي، نايفة، وحمدي، نزيه (2008). فاعلية برنامج لتدريب الوالدين على مهارات الاتصال في خفض الضغوطات النفسية وتحسين مستوى التكيف لدى الآباء وأبنائهم، البصائر -مجلة علمية محكمة – 121، 107-140.
المجلس الوطني لشئون الأسرة (2010). دليل الإرشاد الأسري، عمان-الأردن.
علي، لينا (2011). التكيف الاجتماعي لدى مجهولي النسب. رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة، الجامعة الاردنية، عمان، الاردن.
العموش، روان (2016). فاعلية برنامج التدريب المنظم على الوالدية (STEP) في تعديل الأسلوب الوالدي لدى عينة من الأمهات اللاجئات السوريات، رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة -الجامعة الهاشمية – الزرقاء الأردن.
ابوعيطة، سهام (2004). الرعاية الوالدية والسلوكيات الانفعالية واللااجتماعية لطلبة المدارس الحكومية في منطقة عمان الكبرى. مجلة جامعة دمشق للعلوم التربوية، 21، 1، 219-256.
ابوعيطة، سهام (2014). مبادئ الإرشاد النفسي، الطبعة الثالثة، دار الفكر، عمان-الأردن.
ابوعيطة، سهام (2019). الإرشاد الزواجي والأسري: مفاهيم ونظريات ومهارات، دار الفكر، عمان-الأردن.
غيث، سعاد، بنات، سهيلة، مقدادي محمد، الظاهر، حنان، علاوين، خديجة (2015). فاعلية برنامج تدريبي في تحسين الكفاءة الوالدية المدركة لدى الآباء والأمهات في الأسر الحاضنة، المجلة الأردنية للعلوم الاجتماعية، 8، 1،1،9-125.
القاسم، انسي (1998). أطفال بلا أسر. ط1، مركز الاسكندرية للكتاب، مصر.
نصار، هاجر (2001). الاحتضان كبديل للمؤسسة في الأردن: دراسة مستوى التكيف الشخصي والاجتماعي للأطفال مجهولي النسب المحتضنين في أسر أردنية. رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة، كلية الدراسات العليا، الجامعة الأردنية، عمان، الأردن.
وزارة التنمية الاجتماعية (2016). التقرير السنوي لوزارة التنمية الاجتماعية. مديرية الأسرة والحماية، عمان، الأردن.
وزارة التنمية الاجتماعية (2010). التقرير السنوي لوزارة التنمية الاجتماعية، عمان، الأردن.
Ackerman, B. P. Brown, E. D. & Izard, C. E. (2004). The relations between contextual risk, earned income, and the school adjustment of children. Development Psychology, 40(2), 4-16.
Baumrind, D. (1971). Harmonious parents and their preschool children. Developmental Psychology, 4, (1), 99−102.
Babalık, A. & Ve Araştırma, K. (2012). Parenthood: Theory and research. (pp. 15−18). İstanbul, Turkey: Koç Üniversites Yayınları.
Brodzinsky, D. (2006). Family structural openness and communication openness as predictors in the adjustment of adopted children. Adoption Quarterly, 9, 1-18.
Cavell, T. A. (2002). Working with parents of aggressive children: A practitioner’s guide. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Chaffin, M., & Friedrich, B. (2004). Evidence-based treatments in child abuse and neglect. Children and Youth Services Review, 26, (11), 1097-1113.
Cicchetti, D. & Valentino, K. (2006). Developmental psychopathology, risk, disorder, and adaptation. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Fox, D. Gottfredson, DC. Kumpfer KL. & Beatty, P. (2004). Challenges in disseminating model programs: a qualitative analysis of the strengthening Washington DC families program. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 7, (3), 165–176.
Golombok, S. Murray, C. Jadva, V. Lycett, E. MacCallum, F. & Rust, J. (2006). Non-genetic and non-gestational parenthood: Consequences for parent–child relationships and the psychological well-being of mothers, fathers and children at age three. Human Reproduction, 21, (7), 1918–1924
Gross, D. Fogg, L. & Tucker, S. (2009). Efficacy of the Chicago parent program with low-income African American and Latino parents of young children. Prévention Science, 10, (1), 54–65.
Gutman, L. M. Sameroff, A. J. & Cole, R. (2003). Academic growth curve trajectories from 1st grade to 12th grade: Effects of multiple social risk factors and preschool child factors. Developmental Psychology, 39, 777–790.
Harden, B.J. Jessica, A. M. Whittaker E.V. & Johnson, L. P. (2008). Measuring parenting among foster families: The development of the foster parent attitudes questionnaire (FPAQ) August 2008 Children and Youth Services Review, 30, (8), 879-892.
James, S. (2004). Why do foster care placements disrupt? An investigation of reasons for placement change in foster care. The Social Service Review, 78, 601–626.
Joussemet, M. Mageau, G. A. & Koestner, R. (2014). Promoting optimal parenting and children’s mental health: A preliminary evaluation of the how-to parenting program. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, (6), 949-964.
Kahraman, H. Irmak, Y. & Basokcu, T. O. (2017). Parenting practices scale: Its validity and reliability for parents of school-aged children. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 17, 3 745-769.
Kaiser, P. & Hancock, S. (2003). Teaching Parents New Skills to Support their Young Children Development. Infants and Young Children, 16, 1, 9 – 22.
Kaminski, W. Valle, L. A. Filene, J. H. & Boyle, C. L. (2008). A meta-analytic review of components associated with parent training program effectiveness. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, (4), 567-589.
Kiplinger, V. L. & Browne, C. (2014). Parents’ assessment of protective factors: User’s guide and technical report. Washington, DC: Center for the Study of Social Policy.
Kumpfer, K.L. (2001). Psycho-éducationnel approches to substance abuse prévention. Journal of Contemporary Psychologie, 56, (3), 355-362.
Leslie, L. K. Hurlburt, M. S. Landsverk, J. Barth, R. & Slymen, D. J. (2004). Outpatient mental health services for children in foster care. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28, 6, 699-714.
Loeber, R. Green, SM. Lahey BB. Frick, PJ. & McBurnett, K. (2002). Study Findings on disruptive behavior disorders from the first decade of the Developmental Trends. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 3, 37–60.
Martin, A. J. & Sanders, M. R. (2003). Balancing work and family: A controlled evaluation of the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program as a work-site intervention. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 8, (4), 161–169.
Mason, A. W. Kosterman, R. Hawkins, D. J. Herrenkohl, T. I. Lengua, L. J. & McCauley, E. (2004). Predicting depression, social phobia, and violence in early adulthood from childhood behavior problems. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 307–315.
Michael, N. & Richard, S. (2004). Family therapy; Concepts and methods. Allyn & Bacon Boston, MA.
Miller, L. Klein, R. G. Kamboukos, D. Brown, E. J. oard, S. I., & Sosinsky, L. S. (2003). Preventive intervention for urban, low-income preschoolers at familial risk for conduct problems: A randomized pilot study. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 246 –257.
Mills, S. (2010). Early adjustment process in internationally adopted children and their families, Dissertation, Saint Louis University, UMI Number: 3434891, 7-10.
Minuchin, S. & Nichols, M. P. (1993). Family healing: Tales of hope and renewal from family therapy. New York: Free Press.
Minuchin, P. Colapinto, J. & Minuchin, S. (1998). Working with families of the door. New York: Guilford Press.
Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Cambridge، MA: Harvard University Press.
Minuchin, S. (1982). Reflections on boundaries. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52, 655-663.
Minuchin, S. & Fishman, H. C. (1981). Family therapy and techniques. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Molina, B. S. G. & Pelham, W. E. Jr. (2003). Childhood predictors of adolescent substance use in a longitudinal study of children with ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 497–507.
National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW) Research Group. (2002). Methodological lessons: The first three years of the USA’s first national probability study of children and families investigated for abuse and neglect. Child Youth Services Review, 24, 513- 541.
Olson, D. H. (2006). Circumflex Model VII: Validation studies and FACES III. Family Processes, 25, 337–351.
Oriana, L. Montalto, D. MinMin Li, & Vikash S Oza. (2006). A promising parenting intervention in foster care, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 1, 32– 41.
Powell, J. Y. &Dosser, Jr. D. A. (1992). Structural farnily therapy as a bridge between "helping too much" and empowerment. Family Therapy, 19, 243- 256.
Puddy, R. W. & Jackson, Y. (2003). The development of parenting skills in foster parent training. Children and Youth Services Review, 25, 987–1013.
Reedtz, C. Handega˚rd, B.H. & Mørch, W. T. (2011). Promoting positive parenting practices in primary pare Outcomes and mechanisms of change in a randomized controlled risk reduction trial. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 52, 131–137.
Rubin, D. M. O’Reilly, AL. Luan X. & Localio AR. (2007). The impact of placement stability on behavioral well-being for children in foster care. Pediatrics, 11, 336–344.
Sanders, M. Calam, R. Durand, M. Liversidge, T. & Carmont, S. (2008). Does self-directed and web-based support for parents enhance the effects of viewing a reality television series based on the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 924–932.
Sanders. M. Morawska, A. Haslam, D. Filus, A. & Fletcher, R. (2013). Parenting and family adjustment scales (PAFAS): School of Psychology, University of Queensland, and Brisbane, Australia.
Schwartz, M. D. Taylor, K. L. Willard, K. S., Siegel, J. Lamdam, R. M. & Moran, K. (1999). Distress, personality and mammography utilization among women with a family history of breast cancer. Health Psychology, 18, 327-332.
Seay, A. Freysteinson, WM. & McFarlane, J. (2014). Positive parenting. Nursing Forum, 49, (3), 200 -208.
Sinclair, D. Wilson, K. & Gibbs, I. (2003). Foster placements: Why they succeed and why they fail. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London and Philadelphia.
Sung, M. Erkanli, A. Angold, A. & Costello, E J. (2004). Effects of age at first substance use and psychiatric comorbidity on the development of substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend, 6, (3), 87-99.
Timmer, S. Urquiza, S. Zebell. N. & McGrath, J. (2005). Parent-child interaction therapy: Application to maltreating parent-child dyads, Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 825–842.
Torres, E. (2012). Problems Solving In Latino Families, Utah State University.
Verrier, N. N. (1993). The primal wound: Understanding the adopted child. Baltimore: Gateway Press.

References

بلبل، لمياء (2008). واقع الرعاية البديلة في العالم العربي. المجلس العربي للطفولة والتنمية، 1، 2-19.

الجداونة، دعاء (2017). فاعلية برنامج إرشاد جمعي مستند إلى النظرية البنائية في تحسين التربية الوالدية وخفض مشاعر الفقدان لدى الأرامل اللاجئات السوريات وأطفالهن، رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة، الجامعة الهاشمية، الزرقاء، الأردن.

الحوات، علي (1989). رعاية الطفل المحروم: الاسس الاجتماعية والنفسية للرعاية البديلة للطفولة، معهد الانماء العربي، الطبعة الاولى، الرباط.

الشوبكي، نايفة، وحمدي، نزيه (2008). فاعلية برنامج لتدريب الوالدين على مهارات الاتصال في خفض الضغوطات النفسية وتحسين مستوى التكيف لدى الآباء وأبنائهم، البصائر -مجلة علمية محكمة – 121، 107-140.

المجلس الوطني لشئون الأسرة (2010). دليل الإرشاد الأسري، عمان-الأردن.

علي، لينا (2011). التكيف الاجتماعي لدى مجهولي النسب. رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة، الجامعة الاردنية، عمان، الاردن.

العموش، روان (2016). فاعلية برنامج التدريب المنظم على الوالدية (STEP) في تعديل الأسلوب الوالدي لدى عينة من الأمهات اللاجئات السوريات، رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة -الجامعة الهاشمية – الزرقاء الأردن.

ابوعيطة، سهام (2004). الرعاية الوالدية والسلوكيات الانفعالية واللااجتماعية لطلبة المدارس الحكومية في منطقة عمان الكبرى. مجلة جامعة دمشق للعلوم التربوية، 21، 1، 219-256.

ابوعيطة، سهام (2014). مبادئ الإرشاد النفسي، الطبعة الثالثة، دار الفكر، عمان-الأردن.

ابوعيطة، سهام (2019). الإرشاد الزواجي والأسري: مفاهيم ونظريات ومهارات، دار الفكر، عمان-الأردن.

غيث، سعاد، بنات، سهيلة، مقدادي محمد، الظاهر، حنان، علاوين، خديجة (2015). فاعلية برنامج تدريبي في تحسين الكفاءة الوالدية المدركة لدى الآباء والأمهات في الأسر الحاضنة، المجلة الأردنية للعلوم الاجتماعية، 8، 1،1،9-125.

القاسم، انسي (1998). أطفال بلا أسر. ط1، مركز الاسكندرية للكتاب، مصر.

نصار، هاجر (2001). الاحتضان كبديل للمؤسسة في الأردن: دراسة مستوى التكيف الشخصي والاجتماعي للأطفال مجهولي النسب المحتضنين في أسر أردنية. رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة، كلية الدراسات العليا، الجامعة الأردنية، عمان، الأردن.

وزارة التنمية الاجتماعية (2016). التقرير السنوي لوزارة التنمية الاجتماعية. مديرية الأسرة والحماية، عمان، الأردن.

وزارة التنمية الاجتماعية (2010). التقرير السنوي لوزارة التنمية الاجتماعية، عمان، الأردن.

Ackerman, B. P. Brown, E. D. & Izard, C. E. (2004). The relations between contextual risk, earned income, and the school adjustment of children. Development Psychology, 40(2), 4-16.

Baumrind, D. (1971). Harmonious parents and their preschool children. Developmental Psychology, 4, (1), 99−102.

Babalık, A. & Ve Araştırma, K. (2012). Parenthood: Theory and research. (pp. 15−18). İstanbul, Turkey: Koç Üniversites Yayınları.

Brodzinsky, D. (2006). Family structural openness and communication openness as predictors in the adjustment of adopted children. Adoption Quarterly, 9, 1-18.

Cavell, T. A. (2002). Working with parents of aggressive children: A practitioner’s guide. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Chaffin, M., & Friedrich, B. (2004). Evidence-based treatments in child abuse and neglect. Children and Youth Services Review, 26, (11), 1097-1113.

Cicchetti, D. & Valentino, K. (2006). Developmental psychopathology, risk, disorder, and adaptation. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Fox, D. Gottfredson, DC. Kumpfer KL. & Beatty, P. (2004). Challenges in disseminating model programs: a qualitative analysis of the strengthening Washington DC families program. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 7, (3), 165–176.

Golombok, S. Murray, C. Jadva, V. Lycett, E. MacCallum, F. & Rust, J. (2006). Non-genetic and non-gestational parenthood: Consequences for parent–child relationships and the psychological well-being of mothers, fathers and children at age three. Human Reproduction, 21, (7), 1918–1924

Gross, D. Fogg, L. & Tucker, S. (2009). Efficacy of the Chicago parent program with low-income African American and Latino parents of young children. Prévention Science, 10, (1), 54–65.

Gutman, L. M. Sameroff, A. J. & Cole, R. (2003). Academic growth curve trajectories from 1st grade to 12th grade: Effects of multiple social risk factors and preschool child factors. Developmental Psychology, 39, 777–790.

Harden, B.J. Jessica, A. M. Whittaker E.V. & Johnson, L. P. (2008). Measuring parenting among foster families: The development of the foster parent attitudes questionnaire (FPAQ) August 2008 Children and Youth Services Review, 30, (8), 879-892.

James, S. (2004). Why do foster care placements disrupt? An investigation of reasons for placement change in foster care. The Social Service Review, 78, 601–626.

Joussemet, M. Mageau, G. A. & Koestner, R. (2014). Promoting optimal parenting and children’s mental health: A preliminary evaluation of the how-to parenting program. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, (6), 949-964.

Kahraman, H. Irmak, Y. & Basokcu, T. O. (2017). Parenting practices scale: Its validity and reliability for parents of school-aged children. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 17, 3 745-769.

Kaiser, P. & Hancock, S. (2003). Teaching Parents New Skills to Support their Young Children Development. Infants and Young Children, 16, 1, 9 – 22.

Kaminski, W. Valle, L. A. Filene, J. H. & Boyle, C. L. (2008). A meta-analytic review of components associated with parent training program effectiveness. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, (4), 567-589.

Kiplinger, V. L. & Browne, C. (2014). Parents’ assessment of protective factors: User’s guide and technical report. Washington, DC: Center for the Study of Social Policy.

Kumpfer, K.L. (2001). Psycho-éducationnel approches to substance abuse prévention. Journal of Contemporary Psychologie, 56, (3), 355-362.

Leslie, L. K. Hurlburt, M. S. Landsverk, J. Barth, R. & Slymen, D. J. (2004). Outpatient mental health services for children in foster care. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28, 6, 699-714.

Loeber, R. Green, SM. Lahey BB. Frick, PJ. & McBurnett, K. (2002). Study Findings on disruptive behavior disorders from the first decade of the Developmental Trends. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 3, 37–60.

Martin, A. J. & Sanders, M. R. (2003). Balancing work and family: A controlled evaluation of the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program as a work-site intervention. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 8, (4), 161–169.

Mason, A. W. Kosterman, R. Hawkins, D. J. Herrenkohl, T. I. Lengua, L. J. & McCauley, E. (2004). Predicting depression, social phobia, and violence in early adulthood from childhood behavior problems. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 307–315.

Michael, N. & Richard, S. (2004). Family therapy; Concepts and methods. Allyn & Bacon Boston, MA.

Miller, L. Klein, R. G. Kamboukos, D. Brown, E. J. oard, S. I., & Sosinsky, L. S. (2003). Preventive intervention for urban, low-income preschoolers at familial risk for conduct problems: A randomized pilot study. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 246 –257.

Mills, S. (2010). Early adjustment process in internationally adopted children and their families, Dissertation, Saint Louis University, UMI Number: 3434891, 7-10.

Minuchin, S. & Nichols, M. P. (1993). Family healing: Tales of hope and renewal from family therapy. New York: Free Press.

Minuchin, P. Colapinto, J. & Minuchin, S. (1998). Working with families of the door. New York: Guilford Press.

Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Cambridge، MA: Harvard University Press.

Minuchin, S. (1982). Reflections on boundaries. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52, 655-663.

Minuchin, S. & Fishman, H. C. (1981). Family therapy and techniques. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Molina, B. S. G. & Pelham, W. E. Jr. (2003). Childhood predictors of adolescent substance use in a longitudinal study of children with ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 497–507.

National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW) Research Group. (2002). Methodological lessons: The first three years of the USA’s first national probability study of children and families investigated for abuse and neglect. Child Youth Services Review, 24, 513- 541.

Olson, D. H. (2006). Circumflex Model VII: Validation studies and FACES III. Family Processes, 25, 337–351.

Oriana, L. Montalto, D. MinMin Li, & Vikash S Oza. (2006). A promising parenting intervention in foster care, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 1, 32– 41.

Powell, J. Y. &Dosser, Jr. D. A. (1992). Structural farnily therapy as a bridge between "helping too much" and empowerment. Family Therapy, 19, 243- 256.

Puddy, R. W. & Jackson, Y. (2003). The development of parenting skills in foster parent training. Children and Youth Services Review, 25, 987–1013.

Reedtz, C. Handega˚rd, B.H. & Mørch, W. T. (2011). Promoting positive parenting practices in primary pare Outcomes and mechanisms of change in a randomized controlled risk reduction trial. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 52, 131–137.

Rubin, D. M. O’Reilly, AL. Luan X. & Localio AR. (2007). The impact of placement stability on behavioral well-being for children in foster care. Pediatrics, 11, 336–344.

Sanders, M. Calam, R. Durand, M. Liversidge, T. & Carmont, S. (2008). Does self-directed and web-based support for parents enhance the effects of viewing a reality television series based on the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 924–932.

Sanders. M. Morawska, A. Haslam, D. Filus, A. & Fletcher, R. (2013). Parenting and family adjustment scales (PAFAS): School of Psychology, University of Queensland, and Brisbane, Australia.

Schwartz, M. D. Taylor, K. L. Willard, K. S., Siegel, J. Lamdam, R. M. & Moran, K. (1999). Distress, personality and mammography utilization among women with a family history of breast cancer. Health Psychology, 18, 327-332.

Seay, A. Freysteinson, WM. & McFarlane, J. (2014). Positive parenting. Nursing Forum, 49, (3), 200 -208.

Sinclair, D. Wilson, K. & Gibbs, I. (2003). Foster placements: Why they succeed and why they fail. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London and Philadelphia.

Sung, M. Erkanli, A. Angold, A. & Costello, E J. (2004). Effects of age at first substance use and psychiatric comorbidity on the development of substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend, 6, (3), 87-99.

Timmer, S. Urquiza, S. Zebell. N. & McGrath, J. (2005). Parent-child interaction therapy: Application to maltreating parent-child dyads, Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 825–842.

Torres, E. (2012). Problems Solving In Latino Families, Utah State University.

Verrier, N. N. (1993). The primal wound: Understanding the adopted child. Baltimore: Gateway Press.

The Effectiveness of Family Group Counseling Program Based on Structural Theory in the Parenting Skills and Family Parental Adjustment among Alternative Families

Article Sidebar

Main Article Content

Abstract

Keywords

Article Details

References

References