Main Article Content

Abstract

This research quantifies the amount of nitrogen deposited by the tree locust, Anacridium melanorhodon, during an irregular population outbreak in an Acacia tortilis woodland in Oman. The average standing crop of feces was 65.28g m-2. The mean fecal crude protein and nitrogen were respectively, 20.14 and 3.22 g/100 gash-free dry weight. A hectare of this woodland would contain approximately 1.1 kg of fecal nitrogen beneath the trees. This single contribution by the locusts equals about one-third of the total standing crop of detrital nitrogen under perennial vegetation in a hectare of the Mohave Desert of North America. This, and the fact that grasshoppers are diverse and seasonally abundant in deserts, suggests they may be important organisms in nitrogen cycles.

Keywords

Nitrogen Cycles Fecal Nitrogen Deserts Tree Locust Grasshoppers Oman.

Article Details

References

  1. BELSKY, A.J., AMUNDSON, R.G., DUXBURY, J.M., RIHA, S.J., ALI, A.R. and MWONGA, S.M. 1989. The effects of trees on their physical, chemical and biological environments in a semi-arid savanna in Kenya. Journal of Applied Ecology, 26: 1005-1024.
  2. BERNAYS, E.A. and SIMPSON, S.J. 1990. Nutrition. In Biology of Grasshoppers. eds R.F. Chapman and A. Joern. John Wiley & Sons , New York.
  3. BINET, P. 1981. Short-term dynamics of minerals in arid ecosystems. In: Arid-Land-Ecosystems: Structure, Functioning and Management, Vol 2. eds D.W.Goodall and R.A. Perry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  4. BOSHOFF, C. 1988. Does the Brown Locust play an important role in nutrient cycling? Proceedings Locust Symposium, MacGregor Museum, Kimberly, South Africa. South African Institute of Ecologists Bulletin Special Issue, 1988: 85-96.
  5. CORMANOR, P.L and PRUSSO, D.C. 1973. Decomposition and mineralization in an Artemisia tridentata community in northern Nevada. U.S. IBP Desert Biome Research Memorandum, RM:73-79.
  6. COWLING, S.W.1977. Effects of herbivores on nutrient cycling and distribution. In: Impact of Herbivores on Arid and Semi-arid Rangelands. Australian Rangeland Society, Perth.
  7. CULLISON, A.E. and LOWERY, R.S. 1987. Feeds and Feeding (4th Edn.). Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey.
  8. DEAN, W.R.J., MILTON, S.J. and JELTSCH, F. 1999. Large trees, fertile islands, and birds in arid savanna. Journal of Arid Environments, 41: 61-78.
  9. FISHER, M. 1994. Another look at the variability of desert climates, using examples from Oman. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 4: 79-87.
  10. GARNER, W. and STEINBERGER, Y. 1989. A proposed mechanism for the formation of 'Fertile Islands' in the desert ecosystem. Journal of Arid Environments, 16: 257-262.
  11. GHAZANFAR, S. 1992. An Annotated Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Oman. Scripta Botanica Belgica 2. National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Meise.
  12. HOLMGREN, R.C. and BREWSTER, S.F. Jr. 1972. Distribution of organic matter reserve in a desert shrub community. USDA Forest Service Research Paper INT-30.
  13. MATTSON, W.J. and ADDY, N.D. 1975. Phytophagus insects as regulators of forest primary production. Science, 190: 515-522.
  14. MARAIS, E. and WITTNEBEN, F. 1997. The 1994 outbreak of the Tree Locust Anacridium moestum in Namibia (Orthroptera: Acrididae: Cyrtacanthacridnae). Journal of the Namib Scientific Society, 45: 1-12.
  15. O'BRIEN, R.T. 1978. Proteolysis and ammonification in desert soils. In: Nitrogen in Desert Ecosystems. eds N.E.West and J.Skujins. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsberg.
  16. POPOV, G. B. 1980. Acridoidea of eastern Arabia. Journal of Oman Studies Special Report No. 2: 113-148.
  17. POPOV, G.B. and RATCLIFFE, M. 1968. The Sahelian tree locust, Anacridium melanorhodon. Anti-Locust Memoirs, 9: 1-45.
  18. POPOV, G.B., WOOD, T.G. and HAGGIS, M. J. 1984. Insect pests of the Sahara. In: Sahara Desert, ed J.L. Cloudsley-Thompson. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
  19. RIXON, A.J. 1970. Cycling of nutrients in a grazed Atriplex vesicaria community. In: The Biology of Atriplex. ed R.Jones. CSIRO Division of Plant Industry, Canberra.
  20. RUNDEL, P.W. and GIBSON, A.C. 1996. Ecological Communities and Processes in a Mohave Desert Ecosystem: Rock Valley, Nevada. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  21. SHOWLER, A.T. 1995. Locust (Orthoptera:Acrididae) outbreak in Africa and Asia, 1992-1994: An overview. American Entomologist, 41: 179-185.
  22. SKUJINS, J. 1981. Nitrogen cycling in arid ecosystems. In: Terrestrial Nitrogen Cycles: Processes, Ecosystem Stratigies, and Management Impacts. eds F.E. Clark and T. Rosswell, Ecological Bulletin (Stockholm), Stockholm.
  23. WEST, N.E. 1981. Nutrient cycling in desert ecosystems. In: Arid-land Ecosystems: Structure, Functioning and Management. eds D.W. Goodall, R.A. Perry, and K.M.W. Howes, vol. 2, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  24. WEST, N. and SKUJINS, J. 1978. Nitrogen in Desert Ecosystems. Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsberg.
  25. WHITFORD, W.G. 1986. Decomposition and nutrient cycling in deserts. In: Pattern and Process in Desert Ecosystems. ed W.G.Whitford, University of New Mexico Press, Alburquerque.
  26. WHITFORD, W.G., REPASS, R., PARKER, L.W. and ELKINS, N.Z. 1982. Effects of initial litter accumulation and climate on litter disappearance in a desert ecosystem. American Midland Naturalist, 108: 105-110.
  27. WISDOM, C. S. 1991. Patterns of heterogeneity in desert herbivorous insect communities. In: The Ecology of Desert Organisms, ed G.A. Polis. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
  28. ZANNOTO, F.P., SIMPSON, S.J., and RAUBENHEIMER, D.1993. The regulation of growth by locusts through post-ingestive compensation for variation in the levels of dietary protein and carbohydrate. Physiological Entomology, 18: 425.434.