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Abstract
We propose Colored Petri Net (CPN) models for replicated and centralized database systems and conduct a comparative study of their performance. The designed CPN models capture the dynamics of the studied database systems and estimate their expected performance with an appropriate level of abstraction. A number of simulation experiments were performed under various load conditions of varying parameters such as server speed, network speed, and read/write ratio. The simulation results show that under similar operation conditions, replicated systems exhibit higher performance than centralized systems in terms of query response time and system saturation levels. However, centralized systems become more competitive when their network and server speeds are much higher than those of the replicated systems.
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References
- BEERI, C., BERNSTEIN, P.A., and GOODMAN, N. 1989. A model for concurrency in nested transaction systems, Journal of the ACM, 36:230–269.
- DAY, K., BEN MNAOUER, A., MASOUD, F.A., and TOWAIQ, M. 2001. A Fault Tolerant Asynchronous Data Replication Protocol, Proceedings of the IASTED: International Conference on Applied Informatics (AI2001), February 19 to February 22, 2001, in Innsbruck, Austria, 2001.
- GRAY, J.N., HELLAND, P., and D.O’NEIL, S.P. 1996. The Dangers of Replication and a Solution, Proceedings of the 1996 ACM SIGMOD Intl. Conf. on Management of Databases, pp. 173-182, Montreal, Canada, June 1996. SIGMOD.
- GUERRAOUI, R., and SCHIPER, A. 1997. Software-based replications for Fault Tolerance, IEEE Computer, 30: 68-74.
- JENSEN, K. 1992, 1994: Coloured Petri Nets: Basic Concepts, Analysis Methods and Practical Use. Vol.1 and Vol.2, Monographs in Theoretical Computer Science, Springer-Verlag, 1992, 1994.
- JENSEN, K., CHRISTENSEN, S., HUBER, P., and HOLLA, M. 1996. Design/CPN: A reference Manual, Computer Science Dept, University of Aarhus, Denmark, 1996.
- JORGENSEN, J. B., KRISTENSEN, L. M. 1999. Computer Aided Verification of Lamport's Fast Mutual Exclusion Algorithm Using Coloured Petri Nets and Occurrence Graphs with Symmetries. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems. 10: 714-732.
- KEMME, B., and ALONSO, G. 1998. A suite of database replication protocols based on group communication primitives, Proceedings of the 18th International Conf. On Distributed computing systems (ICDCS’98), Amsterdam, The Netherland, May 1998.
- KEMME, B., and ALONSO, G. 2000. A new Approach to developing and implementing eager database replication protocols”, ACM transactions on Database Systems 25: 333-379.
- MNAOUER, A.B., SEKIGUCHI, T., FUJII, Y., ITO, T., and TANAKA, H. 1999. Colored Petri Nets Based Performance Evaluation of the Static and Dynamic Allocation Policies of the Asynchronous Bandwidth in the Fieldbus Protocol, Advances in Petri Nets (LNCS 1605: 93-130), Special issue on the Application of Petri Nets to Communication Networks, Springer-Verlag 1999.
- MNAOUER, A. B., DAY, K., SHIHAB, K. 2002. Impact of Leaky Bucket Regulation on the Performance of Combined I/O Buffering in ATM Switches, the 2002 IEEE Intl. Conf. on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Hammamet, Tunis, 6-9 October 2002, MP1A2, 1-6.
- MORERA, P.H., GONZALEZ, T.M. P. 1999. A CPN Model of the MAC Layer. In K.Jensen (ed.): Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Practical Use of Coloured Petri Nets and Design/CPN, Aarhus 1999, Department of Computer Science, University of Aarhus, 153-172.
- PEDONE, F., GHERRAOUI, R., and SCHIPER, A. 1997. Transaction Reordering in Replicated Databases, Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS-16), Durham, North Carolina, USA, October 1997.
- PEDONE, F., GHERRAOUI, R., and SCHIPER, A. 1998. Exploiting Atomic Broadcast in Replicated Databases, proceedings of EuroPar’98, Sept. 1998.
- SHAPIRO, R.M. 1991. Validation of a VLSI Chip Using Hierarchical Coloured Petri Nets. Journal of Microelectronics and Reliability, Special Issue on Petri Nets, Pergamon Press, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 607-625, 1991.
- JENSEN, K and ROZENBERG, G. 1991. High-level Petri Nets. Theory and Application. Springer-Verlag, pp. 667-687.
- WIESMANN, M., PEDONE, F., and SCHIPER, A. 1999. A Systematic Classification of Replicated Database Protocols Based on Atomic Broadcast, Proceedings of the 3rd European Research Seminar on Advances in Distributed Systems (ERSADS'99), Madeira Island, Portugal, April 1999.
- WIESMANN, M., PEDONE, F., SCHIPER, A. KEMME, B., and ALONSO, G. 2000. Database replication techniques: a three parameter classification, Proceedings of 19th IEEE Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS2000), Nürenberg, Germany, October 2000. IEEE Computer Society.
References
BEERI, C., BERNSTEIN, P.A., and GOODMAN, N. 1989. A model for concurrency in nested transaction systems, Journal of the ACM, 36:230–269.
DAY, K., BEN MNAOUER, A., MASOUD, F.A., and TOWAIQ, M. 2001. A Fault Tolerant Asynchronous Data Replication Protocol, Proceedings of the IASTED: International Conference on Applied Informatics (AI2001), February 19 to February 22, 2001, in Innsbruck, Austria, 2001.
GRAY, J.N., HELLAND, P., and D.O’NEIL, S.P. 1996. The Dangers of Replication and a Solution, Proceedings of the 1996 ACM SIGMOD Intl. Conf. on Management of Databases, pp. 173-182, Montreal, Canada, June 1996. SIGMOD.
GUERRAOUI, R., and SCHIPER, A. 1997. Software-based replications for Fault Tolerance, IEEE Computer, 30: 68-74.
JENSEN, K. 1992, 1994: Coloured Petri Nets: Basic Concepts, Analysis Methods and Practical Use. Vol.1 and Vol.2, Monographs in Theoretical Computer Science, Springer-Verlag, 1992, 1994.
JENSEN, K., CHRISTENSEN, S., HUBER, P., and HOLLA, M. 1996. Design/CPN: A reference Manual, Computer Science Dept, University of Aarhus, Denmark, 1996.
JORGENSEN, J. B., KRISTENSEN, L. M. 1999. Computer Aided Verification of Lamport's Fast Mutual Exclusion Algorithm Using Coloured Petri Nets and Occurrence Graphs with Symmetries. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems. 10: 714-732.
KEMME, B., and ALONSO, G. 1998. A suite of database replication protocols based on group communication primitives, Proceedings of the 18th International Conf. On Distributed computing systems (ICDCS’98), Amsterdam, The Netherland, May 1998.
KEMME, B., and ALONSO, G. 2000. A new Approach to developing and implementing eager database replication protocols”, ACM transactions on Database Systems 25: 333-379.
MNAOUER, A.B., SEKIGUCHI, T., FUJII, Y., ITO, T., and TANAKA, H. 1999. Colored Petri Nets Based Performance Evaluation of the Static and Dynamic Allocation Policies of the Asynchronous Bandwidth in the Fieldbus Protocol, Advances in Petri Nets (LNCS 1605: 93-130), Special issue on the Application of Petri Nets to Communication Networks, Springer-Verlag 1999.
MNAOUER, A. B., DAY, K., SHIHAB, K. 2002. Impact of Leaky Bucket Regulation on the Performance of Combined I/O Buffering in ATM Switches, the 2002 IEEE Intl. Conf. on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Hammamet, Tunis, 6-9 October 2002, MP1A2, 1-6.
MORERA, P.H., GONZALEZ, T.M. P. 1999. A CPN Model of the MAC Layer. In K.Jensen (ed.): Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Practical Use of Coloured Petri Nets and Design/CPN, Aarhus 1999, Department of Computer Science, University of Aarhus, 153-172.
PEDONE, F., GHERRAOUI, R., and SCHIPER, A. 1997. Transaction Reordering in Replicated Databases, Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS-16), Durham, North Carolina, USA, October 1997.
PEDONE, F., GHERRAOUI, R., and SCHIPER, A. 1998. Exploiting Atomic Broadcast in Replicated Databases, proceedings of EuroPar’98, Sept. 1998.
SHAPIRO, R.M. 1991. Validation of a VLSI Chip Using Hierarchical Coloured Petri Nets. Journal of Microelectronics and Reliability, Special Issue on Petri Nets, Pergamon Press, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 607-625, 1991.
JENSEN, K and ROZENBERG, G. 1991. High-level Petri Nets. Theory and Application. Springer-Verlag, pp. 667-687.
WIESMANN, M., PEDONE, F., and SCHIPER, A. 1999. A Systematic Classification of Replicated Database Protocols Based on Atomic Broadcast, Proceedings of the 3rd European Research Seminar on Advances in Distributed Systems (ERSADS'99), Madeira Island, Portugal, April 1999.
WIESMANN, M., PEDONE, F., SCHIPER, A. KEMME, B., and ALONSO, G. 2000. Database replication techniques: a three parameter classification, Proceedings of 19th IEEE Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS2000), Nürenberg, Germany, October 2000. IEEE Computer Society.