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Abstract
Dehydrated carbon (DC) was prepared from date palm leaflets via sulfuric acid treatment. DC was functionalized via amide coupling using ethylene diamine (EDA) and propylene diamine (PDA) to produce basic dehydrated carbons (BDCs): BDC-EDA and BDC-PDA, respectively, and using ethylamine (EA) and aniline (AN) to produce hydrophobic dehydrated carbons (HDCs): HDC-EA and HDC-AN, respectively. Surface areas were found low, between 6.7-16 m2/g with mesoporosity domination. FTIR shows that –COOH content on DC almost disappeared after surface functionalization. Faster adsorption of methylene blue with larger adsorption capacity was found on HDC-EA than other adsorbents because of stronger hydrophobic interaction forces.
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References
- El-Shafey, E.I, Al-Hashmi, A.H.R. Sorption of lead and silver from aqueous solution on phosphoric acid dehydrated carbon. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2013, 1, 934-44.
- El-Shafey, E.I., Al-Lawati, H.A, Al-Saidi, W.S. Adsorption of lisinopril and chlorpheniramine from aqueous solution on dehydrated and activated carbons. Carbon Letters, 2016, 19, 12-22.
- Hanzawa, M.; Satonaka, S. Crabonization of wood by dehydrating agent. I. Preparation and decolourizing power of hydrated active charcoal from wood. Research Bulletin of The College Experiment Forests Hokkaido University, 1955, 17, 439-463.
- Hanzawa, M.; Satonaka, S., Crabonization of wood by dehydrating agent. II. Preparation and decolourizing power of hydrated active charcoal from Betula tauschii wood. Research Bulletin of The College Experiment Forests Hokkaido University, 1956, 18, 13-16.
- El-Shafey, E.I. Removal of Zn(II) and Hg(II) from aqueous solution on a carbonaceous sorbent chemically prepared from rice husk. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010, 175, 319-327.
- El-Shafey, E.I.; Al-Kindy, S.M.Z. Removal of Cu2+ and Ag+ from aqueous solution on a chemically-carbonized sorbent from date palm leaflets. Environmental Technology, 2013, 34, 395-406.
- El-Shafey, E.I., Al-Busafi, S., Al-Lawati, H., Al-Shibli, S. Competitive removal of heavy metals from spiked hospital wastewater on acidic and chelating dehydrated carbons. Separation Science and Technology, 2016, 51, 2348-2359.
- Cox, M., El-Shafey, E.I., Pichugin, A.A., Appleton, Q. Preparation and characterisation of a carbon adsorbent from flax shive by dehydration with sulfuric acid. Journal of Chemical technology & Biotechnology, 1999, 74, 1019-1029.
- El-Shafey, E.I. Removal of Se(IV) from aqueous solution using sulphuric acid-treated peanut shell. Journal of Environmental Management, 2007, 84, 620-627.
- El-Shafey, E.I., Al-Lawati, H.A.J., Al-Husaini, A. Adsorption of fexofenadine and diphenhydramine on dehydrated and activated carbons from date palm leaflets. Chemistry and Ecology, 2014, 30, 765-783.
- El-Shafey, E.I. Immobilization of Hg(II) to Hg(0) on reducing dehydrated carbons. Journal of Medical and Biomedical Engineering, 2014, 3, 292-296.
- El-Shafey, E.I., Ali, S.N., Al-Busafi, S., Al-Lawati, H.A. Preparation and characterization of surface functionalized activated carbons from date palm leaflets and application for methylene blue removal. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2016, 4, 2713-2724.
- Standard test method for apparent density of activated carbon. Annual book of ASTM Standards, 1996, D 2854-96.
- Moreno-Castilla, C., Lopez-Ramon M.V., Carrasco-Marın F. Changes in surface chemistry of activated carbons by wet oxidation. Carbon, 2000, 38, 1995-2001.
- Boehm, H.P. Chemical Identification of Surface Groups. In Advances in Catalysis. Academic Press, 1966, 16, 179-274.
- Thorpe, A. Collaborative study of the cation exchange capacity of peat materials. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1973, 56, 154-156.
- Sing, K.S.W., Everett, D.H., Haul, R.A.W., Moscou, L., Pierotti, R.A., Rouquerol, J., Siemienewska, T. Reporting physisorption data for gas–solid systems, Pure and Applied Chemistry, 1985, 57, 603–619.
- Giraldo, L., Moreno-Piraján, J.C. Synthesis of activated carbon mesoporous from coffee waste and its application in adsorption zinc and mercury ions from aqueous solution. E-Journal of Chemistry, 2012, 9, 938-948.
- Thommes, M. Physical adsorption characterization of nanoporous materials. Chemie Ingenieur Technik, 2010, 82, 1059-1073.
- Lowell, S., Shields, J.E., Thomas, M.A. and Thommes, M. Characterization of porous solids and powders: surface area, pore size and density. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012, 16, 58-254.
- Standard test method for carbon black- Total and external surface area by nitrogen adsorption, Annual book of ASTM standards, 2012, D-6556-01.
- Miura, K., Yanazawa, H., Nakai, K. The effect of burn-off on the adsorption of N2 and Ar on a natural graphite. Adsorption, 2007, 13, 139-147.
- Razdyakonova, G.I., Kokhanovskaya, O.A., Likholobov, V.A. Influence of environmental conditions on carbon Black oxidation by reactive oxygen intermediates. Procedia Engineering Journal, 2015, 113, 43-50.
- Zhao, C., Liu, L., Zhao, H., Krall, A., Wen, Z., Chen, J., Hurley, P., Jiang, G., Li, Y. Sulfur-infiltrated porous carbon microspheres with controllable multi-modal pore size distribution for high energy lithium–sulfur batteries. Nanoscale, 2014, 6, 882-888.
- Hesas, R.H., Arami-Niya, A., Daud, W.M.A.W., Sahu, J.N., Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from apple waste by microwave-assisted phosphoric acid activation: application in methylene blue adsorption. Bioresources, 2013, 8, 2950-2966.
- El-Shafey, E.I. Sorption of Cd(II) and Se(IV) from aqueous solution using modified rice husk. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2007, 147, 546-555.
- El-Shafey, E.I.; Al-Lawati, H.; Al-Sumri, A.S. Ciprofloxacin adsorption from aqueous solution onto chemically prepared carbon from date palm leaflets. Journal of Environmental Science, 2012, 24,1579-1586.
- Gregg, S.J. and Sing, K.S.W. Adsorption, surface area and porosity, 2nd ed., Academic Press, London, UK, 1982.
- Achaw, O.W. A study of the porosity of activated carbons using the scanning electron microscope. In Scanning Electron Microscopy, INTECH, 2012, Chapter 24, 473-490.
- Mopoung, S. Surface image of charcoal and activated charcoal from banana peel. Journal of the Microscopy Society of Thailand, 2008, 22, 15-19.
- Gómez-Serrano, V., Acedo-Ramos, M., López-Peinado, A.J., Valenzuela-Calahorro, C. Oxidation of activated carbon by hydrogen peroxide. Study of surface functional groups by FT-i.r. Fuel, 1994, 43, 387-395.
- Lu, C., Chiu. H., Liu, C., Removal of zinc (II) from aqueous solution by purified carbon nanotubes: kinetics and equilibrium studies. Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research, 2006, 45, 2850-2855.
- Harry, I.D., Saha, B., Cumming, I.W. Effect of electrochemical oxidation of activated carbon fiber on competitive and noncompetitive sorption of trace toxic metal ions from aqueous solution. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2006, 304, 9-20.
- Moreno-Castilla, C., Ferro-Garcia, M.A., Joly, J.P., Bautista-Toledo, I., Carrasco-Marin, F., Rivera-Utrilla, J. Activated carbon surface modifications by nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and ammonium peroxydisulfate treatments. Langmuir, 1995, 11, 4386-4392.
- Figueiredo, J.L., Pereira, M.F.R., Freitas, M.M.A., Orfao, J.J.M. Modification of the surface chemistry of activated carbons. Carbon, 1999, 37, 379-1389.
- Niyogi, S., Bekyarova, E., Itkis, M.E., McWilliams, J.L., Hamon, M.A, Haddon, R.C. Solution properties of graphite and grapheme. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2006, 128, 7720-7721.
- Collins, W.R., Lewandowski, W., Schmois, E., Walish, J., Swager, T.M. Claisen rearrangement of graphite oxide: a route to covalently functionalized graphenes. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 2011, 123, 9010-9014.
- Ho, Y.S., Mckay, G. Sorption of dye from aqueous solution by peat. Chemical Engineering Journal, 1998, 70, 115-124.
- Hall, K.R., Eagleton, L.C., Acrivos, A., Vermeulen, T. Pore-and solid-diffusion kinetics in fixed-bed adsorption under constant-pattern conditions. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals, 1966, 5, 212-223.
- Pathania, D., Sharma, S., Singh, P. Removal of methylene blue by adsorption onto activated carbon developed from Ficus carica bast. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 2017, 10, 1445-1451.
- Jawad, A.H., Rashid, R.A., Ishak, M.A.M., Wilson, L.D., 2016. Adsorption of methylene blue onto activated carbon developed from biomass waste by H2SO4 activation: kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies. Desalination and Water Treatment, 2016, 57, 25194-25206.
References
El-Shafey, E.I, Al-Hashmi, A.H.R. Sorption of lead and silver from aqueous solution on phosphoric acid dehydrated carbon. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2013, 1, 934-44.
El-Shafey, E.I., Al-Lawati, H.A, Al-Saidi, W.S. Adsorption of lisinopril and chlorpheniramine from aqueous solution on dehydrated and activated carbons. Carbon Letters, 2016, 19, 12-22.
Hanzawa, M.; Satonaka, S. Crabonization of wood by dehydrating agent. I. Preparation and decolourizing power of hydrated active charcoal from wood. Research Bulletin of The College Experiment Forests Hokkaido University, 1955, 17, 439-463.
Hanzawa, M.; Satonaka, S., Crabonization of wood by dehydrating agent. II. Preparation and decolourizing power of hydrated active charcoal from Betula tauschii wood. Research Bulletin of The College Experiment Forests Hokkaido University, 1956, 18, 13-16.
El-Shafey, E.I. Removal of Zn(II) and Hg(II) from aqueous solution on a carbonaceous sorbent chemically prepared from rice husk. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010, 175, 319-327.
El-Shafey, E.I.; Al-Kindy, S.M.Z. Removal of Cu2+ and Ag+ from aqueous solution on a chemically-carbonized sorbent from date palm leaflets. Environmental Technology, 2013, 34, 395-406.
El-Shafey, E.I., Al-Busafi, S., Al-Lawati, H., Al-Shibli, S. Competitive removal of heavy metals from spiked hospital wastewater on acidic and chelating dehydrated carbons. Separation Science and Technology, 2016, 51, 2348-2359.
Cox, M., El-Shafey, E.I., Pichugin, A.A., Appleton, Q. Preparation and characterisation of a carbon adsorbent from flax shive by dehydration with sulfuric acid. Journal of Chemical technology & Biotechnology, 1999, 74, 1019-1029.
El-Shafey, E.I. Removal of Se(IV) from aqueous solution using sulphuric acid-treated peanut shell. Journal of Environmental Management, 2007, 84, 620-627.
El-Shafey, E.I., Al-Lawati, H.A.J., Al-Husaini, A. Adsorption of fexofenadine and diphenhydramine on dehydrated and activated carbons from date palm leaflets. Chemistry and Ecology, 2014, 30, 765-783.
El-Shafey, E.I. Immobilization of Hg(II) to Hg(0) on reducing dehydrated carbons. Journal of Medical and Biomedical Engineering, 2014, 3, 292-296.
El-Shafey, E.I., Ali, S.N., Al-Busafi, S., Al-Lawati, H.A. Preparation and characterization of surface functionalized activated carbons from date palm leaflets and application for methylene blue removal. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2016, 4, 2713-2724.
Standard test method for apparent density of activated carbon. Annual book of ASTM Standards, 1996, D 2854-96.
Moreno-Castilla, C., Lopez-Ramon M.V., Carrasco-Marın F. Changes in surface chemistry of activated carbons by wet oxidation. Carbon, 2000, 38, 1995-2001.
Boehm, H.P. Chemical Identification of Surface Groups. In Advances in Catalysis. Academic Press, 1966, 16, 179-274.
Thorpe, A. Collaborative study of the cation exchange capacity of peat materials. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1973, 56, 154-156.
Sing, K.S.W., Everett, D.H., Haul, R.A.W., Moscou, L., Pierotti, R.A., Rouquerol, J., Siemienewska, T. Reporting physisorption data for gas–solid systems, Pure and Applied Chemistry, 1985, 57, 603–619.
Giraldo, L., Moreno-Piraján, J.C. Synthesis of activated carbon mesoporous from coffee waste and its application in adsorption zinc and mercury ions from aqueous solution. E-Journal of Chemistry, 2012, 9, 938-948.
Thommes, M. Physical adsorption characterization of nanoporous materials. Chemie Ingenieur Technik, 2010, 82, 1059-1073.
Lowell, S., Shields, J.E., Thomas, M.A. and Thommes, M. Characterization of porous solids and powders: surface area, pore size and density. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012, 16, 58-254.
Standard test method for carbon black- Total and external surface area by nitrogen adsorption, Annual book of ASTM standards, 2012, D-6556-01.
Miura, K., Yanazawa, H., Nakai, K. The effect of burn-off on the adsorption of N2 and Ar on a natural graphite. Adsorption, 2007, 13, 139-147.
Razdyakonova, G.I., Kokhanovskaya, O.A., Likholobov, V.A. Influence of environmental conditions on carbon Black oxidation by reactive oxygen intermediates. Procedia Engineering Journal, 2015, 113, 43-50.
Zhao, C., Liu, L., Zhao, H., Krall, A., Wen, Z., Chen, J., Hurley, P., Jiang, G., Li, Y. Sulfur-infiltrated porous carbon microspheres with controllable multi-modal pore size distribution for high energy lithium–sulfur batteries. Nanoscale, 2014, 6, 882-888.
Hesas, R.H., Arami-Niya, A., Daud, W.M.A.W., Sahu, J.N., Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from apple waste by microwave-assisted phosphoric acid activation: application in methylene blue adsorption. Bioresources, 2013, 8, 2950-2966.
El-Shafey, E.I. Sorption of Cd(II) and Se(IV) from aqueous solution using modified rice husk. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2007, 147, 546-555.
El-Shafey, E.I.; Al-Lawati, H.; Al-Sumri, A.S. Ciprofloxacin adsorption from aqueous solution onto chemically prepared carbon from date palm leaflets. Journal of Environmental Science, 2012, 24,1579-1586.
Gregg, S.J. and Sing, K.S.W. Adsorption, surface area and porosity, 2nd ed., Academic Press, London, UK, 1982.
Achaw, O.W. A study of the porosity of activated carbons using the scanning electron microscope. In Scanning Electron Microscopy, INTECH, 2012, Chapter 24, 473-490.
Mopoung, S. Surface image of charcoal and activated charcoal from banana peel. Journal of the Microscopy Society of Thailand, 2008, 22, 15-19.
Gómez-Serrano, V., Acedo-Ramos, M., López-Peinado, A.J., Valenzuela-Calahorro, C. Oxidation of activated carbon by hydrogen peroxide. Study of surface functional groups by FT-i.r. Fuel, 1994, 43, 387-395.
Lu, C., Chiu. H., Liu, C., Removal of zinc (II) from aqueous solution by purified carbon nanotubes: kinetics and equilibrium studies. Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research, 2006, 45, 2850-2855.
Harry, I.D., Saha, B., Cumming, I.W. Effect of electrochemical oxidation of activated carbon fiber on competitive and noncompetitive sorption of trace toxic metal ions from aqueous solution. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2006, 304, 9-20.
Moreno-Castilla, C., Ferro-Garcia, M.A., Joly, J.P., Bautista-Toledo, I., Carrasco-Marin, F., Rivera-Utrilla, J. Activated carbon surface modifications by nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and ammonium peroxydisulfate treatments. Langmuir, 1995, 11, 4386-4392.
Figueiredo, J.L., Pereira, M.F.R., Freitas, M.M.A., Orfao, J.J.M. Modification of the surface chemistry of activated carbons. Carbon, 1999, 37, 379-1389.
Niyogi, S., Bekyarova, E., Itkis, M.E., McWilliams, J.L., Hamon, M.A, Haddon, R.C. Solution properties of graphite and grapheme. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2006, 128, 7720-7721.
Collins, W.R., Lewandowski, W., Schmois, E., Walish, J., Swager, T.M. Claisen rearrangement of graphite oxide: a route to covalently functionalized graphenes. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 2011, 123, 9010-9014.
Ho, Y.S., Mckay, G. Sorption of dye from aqueous solution by peat. Chemical Engineering Journal, 1998, 70, 115-124.
Hall, K.R., Eagleton, L.C., Acrivos, A., Vermeulen, T. Pore-and solid-diffusion kinetics in fixed-bed adsorption under constant-pattern conditions. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals, 1966, 5, 212-223.
Pathania, D., Sharma, S., Singh, P. Removal of methylene blue by adsorption onto activated carbon developed from Ficus carica bast. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 2017, 10, 1445-1451.
Jawad, A.H., Rashid, R.A., Ishak, M.A.M., Wilson, L.D., 2016. Adsorption of methylene blue onto activated carbon developed from biomass waste by H2SO4 activation: kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies. Desalination and Water Treatment, 2016, 57, 25194-25206.