Article Sidebar

Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 1508 Download : 251

Main Article Content

Abstract

Fungi mycotoxins can be a serious risk to health and lead to substantial economic loss. The environmental conditions of Saudi Arabia, with its mostly warm temperatures, are conducive to the growth of toxigenic fungi resulting in mycotoxin production in different food items. The current study elucidates the natural occurrence of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxin production in grains in Saudi Arabia. Samples of white rice and corn (yellow, red) grains were collected from different local markets and houses. Three fungal isolates were obtained from the corn and rice grains and examined using Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Carnation Leaf Agar (CLA) media. Fusarium spp. were the most prominent fungi in yellow corn, red corn and white rice grains. Three isolated F. moniliforme strains were identified using molecular characterization of the trichothecene 3-O acetyltransferase (TRI101) toxin gene. The DNA genome of the three Fusarium moniliforme isolates (namely, F. moniliforme_1, F. moniliforme_2 and F. moniliforme_3, which correspond to isolates from yellow corn, red corn and white rice, respectively) were used as a template for PCR to amplify trichothecene 3-O acetyltransferase (TRI101). Partially sequenced fragments amplified using a specific primer set were used to confirm the identification of, and to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships among the three isolates as well as  to identify the corresponding antigenic determinants. The epitope prediction analysis demonstrated that there were four epitopes with scores equal to 1 in F. moniliforme_1, F. moniliforme_2 and F. moniliforme_3, respectively. Interestingly, there were great dissimilarities in the epitope sequences among the three isolates except in NSTPRACASEQEVS, STSSRADSSSLSTD and CTLCPRSLMASSVR. This indicates that the unique antigenic determinants predicted in the trichothecene 3-O acetyltransferase (TRI101) toxin gene could be used for designing a broad spectrum antibody for rapid detection of Fusarium spp. in foods.

Keywords

Fumonisin PCR Sequences Phylogenetic tree Antigenic determinants.

Article Details

References

  1. Pasquali, M., Beyer, M., Logrieco, A., Audenaert, K., Balmas, V., Basler, R., Boutigny AL, Chrpová J, Czembor E, Gagkaeva T, González-Jaén MT, Vogelgsang S.A., et al. European database of Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum trichothecene genotypes. Frontiers in MicroBiology. 2016, 7, 406.
  2. D, C., W, X., ming, ZHU., dong, Z.,WU. and fei, X. Testing of Seedborne Fungi in Wheat Germplasm Conserved in the National Crop Genebank of China. Agriculture Scince. China., 2007, 6, 682-687.
  3. Aamot, H.U., Ward, T.J., Brodal, G., Vrålstad, T., Larsen, G.B., Klemsdal, S.S., Elameen, A., Uhlig, S. and Hofgaard, I.S. Genetic and phenotypic diversity within the Fusarium graminearum species complex in Norway. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 2015, 142, 501-519.
  4. Taha, H., Liza C.L., Chris, T., Joseph, R.C. and Tapani, Y.M. Tools For Fusarium Mycotoxin Reduction in Food and Feed Chains Research Papers Identification and quantification of fumonisin-producing Fusarium species in grain and soil samples from Egypt and the Philippines. Phytopathologia Mediterranea. 2017. 56, 1, 146-153.
  5. Pitt, J.I.Toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins. British Medical Bulletin. 2000a, 56, 184-92.
  6. Richard, E., Heutte, N., Sage, L., Pottier, D., Bouchart, V., Lebailly, P., Garon, D., Toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in mature corn silage. Food Chemistry Toxicology. 2007, 45, 2420-2425.
  7. Rodrigues, A.A.C., Menezes, M., Identification and pathogenic characterization of endophytic Fusarium species from cowpea seeds, in: Mycopathologia. 2005, 79-85.
  8. Kumar, V., Basu, M.S. and Rajendran, T.P. Mycotoxin research and mycoflora in some commercially important agricultural commodities. Crop Protection. 2008, 27, 891-905.
  9. Blaney, C.S. and Kotanen, P.M. Effects of fungal pathogens on seeds of native and exotic plants: A test using congeneric pairs. Journal Applied Ecology, 2001, 38, 1104-1113.
  10. Samina, A. Natural occurrence of Mycotoxins in Food and Feed:Pqkistan Perspective. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2015, 14, 2, 159-175.
  11. Sánchez-Hervás, M., Gil, J.V., Bisbal, F., Ramón, D., Martínez-Culebras, P.V., Mycobiota and mycotoxin producing fungi from cocoa beans. International Journal Food Microbiology. 2008, 125, 336-340.
  12. Ibrahim, T.F., El-Abedeen, A.Z., El-Morsy, G.A. and El-Azhary, T.M. Aflatoxins in Egyptian sorghum grains: detection and estimation. Egypt. Journal Agriculture Research. 1998, 76, 923-931.
  13. Mwanza, M., Ndou, R.V., Dzoma, B., Nyirenda, M. and Bakunzi, F. Canine aflatoxicosis outbreak in South Africa: a possible multi-mycotoxins aetiology. Journal South Africa Vet Association, 2013, 84(1) Art. #133, 5.
  14. Reddy, K.R.N., Salleh, B., Saad, B., Abbas, H.K., Abel, C.A. and Shier, W.T. An overview of mycotoxin contamination in foods and its implications for human health. Toxin Review, 2010, 29(1), 3-26.
  15. Peraica, M. and Rašić, D. The impact of mycotoxicoses on human history. Arh Hig Rada Toksiko, 2012, 63, 513-8.
  16. Dall’Asta, C., Cirlini, M. and Falavigna, C. Mycotoxins from Alternaria: Toxicological implications. Advanced Molecular Toxicology, 2014, 8, 107-121.
  17. Hussein, H.S. and Brasel, J.M. Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicology, 2001, 67, 101-134.
  18. Fung, F. and Clark, R.F. Health effects of mycotoxins: a toxicological overview. Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology, 2004, 42(2), 217-34.
  19. Frisvad, J.C., Smedsgaard, J., Samson, R.A., Larsen, T.O. and Thrane, U. Fumonisin B2 production by Aspergillus niger. Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry, 2007, 55(23), 9727-32.
  20. Silva, L.J., Lino, C.M., Pena, A. and Moltó, J.C. Occurrence of fumonisins B1 and B2 in Portuguese maize and maize-based foods intended for human consumption. Food Addition Contamination, 2007, 24, 381-90.
  21. Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual., New York. 1989.
  22. Myburg, R.B., Dutton, M.F. and Chuturgoon, A.A. Cytotoxicity of fumonisin B1, diethylnitrosamine, and catechol on the SNO esophageal cancer cell line. Environ Health Perspective, 2002, 110, 813-5.
  23. Alizadeh, A.M., Rohandel, G., Roudbarmohammadi, S., Roudbary, M., Sohanaki, H., Ghiasian, S.A., Taherkhani, A., Semnani, S. and Aghasi, M. Fumonisin B1 contamination of cereals and risk of esophageal cancer in a high-risk area in northeastern Iran. Asian Pacific Journal Cancer Preventation, 2012, 13, 2625-8.
  24. Mathur, S., Constable, P.D., Eppley, R.M., Waggoner, A.L., Tumbleson, M.E. and Haschek, W.M. Fumonisin B1 is hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic in milk-fed calves. Toxicology Science, 2001, 60, 385-96.
  25. Voss, K.A., Riley, R.T. and Gelineau-van Waes, J. Fumonisin B1 induced neural tube defects were not increased in LM/Bc mice fed folate-deficient diet. Molecular Nutrition Food Research, 2014, 58, 1190-8.
  26. Osman, N.A., Abdelgadir, A.M., Moss, M.O. and Bener, A. Aflatoxin contamination of rice in the United Arab Emirates. Mycotoxin Research, 1999, 15, 39-44.
  27. Doohan, F.M., Brennan, J. and Cooke, B.M. Influence of climatic factors on Fusarium species pathogenic to cereals. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 2003, 109, 755-768.
  28. Makun, H.A., Gbodi, T.A., Akanya, O.H., Salako, E.A. and Ogbadu, G.H. Fungi and some mycotoxins contaminating rice (Oryza sativa) in Niger State, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology., 2007, 6, 99-108.
  29. Lorè, A., Spadaro, D., Garibaldi, A. and Gullino, M.L. Assessment of the contamination of rice grains in Piedmont by trichothecenes. Protezione delle Colture., 2011, 2, 105-6.
  30. Lee, T., Lee, S.H., Shin, J.Y., Yun, J.C., Lee, Y.W. and Ryu, J.G. Occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in rice and its milling by-products in Korea. Journal of Food Protection. 2011, 74, 1169-74.
  31. Abd Alla el-SA. Natural Occurrence of Ochratoxin A and Citrinin in Food Stuffs in Egypt. Mycotoxin Reshearch., 1996, 12(1), 41-4.
  32. Arino, A., Juan, T., Estopanan, G. and Gonzalez-Cabo, J.F. Natural occurrence of Fusarium species, fumonisin production by toxigenic strains, and concentrations of fumonisins B-1 and B-2 in conventional and organic maize grown in Spain. Journal of Food Protection. 2007, 70, 151-156.
  33. Park, J.W., Choi, S.Y., Hwang, H.J. and Kim, Y.B. Fungal mycoflora and mycotoxins in Korean polished rice destined for humans. International Journal of Food Microbiology., 2005, 103, 305-14.
  34. Leslie, J.F. and Summerell, B.A. the Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Black well professional publishing, Ames, Lowa, USA. 2006.
  35. El-Manzalawy, Y., Dobbs, D. and Honavar, V. Predicting linear B-cell epitopes using string kernels. Journal of Molecular Recognition., 2008a., 21, 243-255.
  36. El-Manzalawy, Y., Dobbs, D. and Honavar, V. Predicting flexible length linear B-cell epitopes. Computer System Bioinformatics Conferance., 2008b., 7, 121-32.
  37. Kolaskar, A.S. and Tongaonkar, P.C. A semi-empirical method for prediction of antigenic determinants on protein antigens. Federation of European Biochemical Societies Letters, 1990, 276, 172-174
  38. FSA (Food Standards Agency), Food Survey Information Sheet: 02/11. November 2011. Surveillance programme for mycotoxins in foods. Year Mycotoxins in foods for infants and young children, patulin in apple juice and ergot alkaloids in cereal products, survey 2 and 3. Available from: http://multimedia.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/fsis0211.pdf. Accessed 2014 June 17.
  39. Logrieco, A., Moretti, A. and Solfrizzo, M., Alternaria toxins and plant diseases: an overview of origin, occurrence and risks. World Mycotoxin Journal., 2009, 2, 129-140.
  40. Makoto, K., Naoko, T.A., Takumi, N. and Shuichi, O. Molecular biology and biotechnology for reduction of Fusarium Mycotoxin contamination. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 2006, 86 (3):117-123.
  41. Leach, J.E., White, F.F., Rhoads, M.L. and Leung, H. A Repetitive DNA Sequence Differentiates Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae from Other Pathovars of X. campestris. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction. 1990, 3, 238.
  42. Qiu, J. and Shi, J. Genetic relationships, Carbendazim sensitivity and mycotoxin production of the Fusarium graminearumpopulations from maize, wheat and rice in eastern China. Toxins, 2014, 6, 2291-2309.
  43. Kosiak, B., Torp, M., Skjerve, E. and Andersen, B., Alternaria and Fusarium in Norwegian grains of reduced quality- A matched pair sample study. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2004, 93, 51-62.
  44. Desjardins, A. Fusarium mycotoxins, chemistry, genetics, and biology. APS Press; St Paul: 2006.
  45. Abd-El Fatah, S.I., Naguib, M.M., El-Hossiny, E.N., Sultan, Y. Abodalam Y. and Yli-Mattila, T. Molecular versus Morphological Identification of Fusarium spp. isolated from Egyptian corn. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2015, 6, 1813-1822.
  46. Yassin, M.A., El-Samawaty, A.R., Bahkali, A., Moslem, M., Abd-Elsalam, K.A. and Hyde, K.D. Mycotoxin-producing fungi occurring in sorghum grains from Saudi Arabia. Fungal Divers, 2010, 44, 45-52.
  47. Scauflaire, J., Mahieu, O., Louvieaux, J., Foucart, G., Renard, F. and Munaut, F. Biodiversity of Fusarium species in ears and stalks of maize plants in Belgium. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2011, 131, 59-66.
  48. Zhang, H., Van der Lee, T.V., Waalwijk, C., Chen, W., Xu, J., Xu, J., Zhang, Y. and Feng, J. Population analysis of the Fusarium graminearum species complex from wheat in China show a shift to more aggressive isolates. PLOS ONE, 2012, 7(2), e214.
  49. Carter, J.P., Rezanoor, H.N., Holden, D., Desjardins, A.E., Plattner, R.D. and Nicholson, P. Variation in pathogenicity associated with the genetic diversity of Fusarium graminearum. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2002,108, 573-583.
  50. Sette, A. and Fikes, J., Epitope-based vaccines: An update on epitope identification, vaccine design and delivery. Current Opinion in Immunology, 2003, 15(4):461-70.
  51. Covarelli, L., Beccari, G., Prodi, A., Generotti, S., Etruschi, F., Juan, C., Ferrer, E. and Mañes, J. Fusarium species, chemotype characterisation and trichothecene contamination of durum and soft wheat in an area of central Italy. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2015, 95, 540-551.
  52. Cendoya, E., Monge, M.P., Palacios, S.A., Chiacchiera, S.M., Torres, A.M., Farnochi, M.C. and Ramirez, M.L. Fumonisin occurrence in naturally contaminated wheat grain harvested in Argentina. Food Control, 2014, 37, 56-61.
  53. Mahmoud, M.A., Al-Othman, M.R. and Abd El-Aziz, A.R.M.A. Mycotoxigenic fungi contaminating corn and sorghum grains in Saudi Arabia. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 2013, 45, 1831-1839.
  54. Talas, F., Parzies, H.K. and Miedaner, T. Diversity in genetic structure and chemotype composition of Fusarium graminearumsensu stricto populations causing wheat head blight in individual fields in Germany. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2011, 131, 39-48.
  55. Aftabuddin, M. and Kundu, S. Hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and charged amino acid networks within protein. Biophysical Journal. 2004; doi:10.1529/biophysj.106.098004.
  56. Mine, Y. and Zhang, J.W., Identification and fine mapping of IgG and IgE epitopes in ovomucoid. Biochemistry and Biophysical Research Community, 2002, 292, 1070-1074.
  57. Suga, H., Gale, L.R. and Kistler, H.C. Development of VNTR markers for two Fusarium graminearum clade species. Molecular Ecology Notes, 2004, 4, 468-470.