Article Sidebar

Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 611 Download : 232

Main Article Content

Abstract

Afzal is a common smokeless tobacco product (STP) in Oman, and it is believed to contain toxins that may affect the reproductive hormones and hence reproductive function. This study assessed the effect of  Afzal  on the gonads of Wistar rats.  In order to assess gonad toxicity induced by this STP, an aqueous extract of Afzal was added to drinking water to be administrated orally to Wistar albino rats (n = 72) classified as young (4 weeks old) and adult (20 weeks old) of both genders weighing between 60-80 g and 150-240 g respectively for 8 weeks. The rats were divided into 3 groups; control (received distilled water instead of Afzal extract), low-dose (received 3 mg nicotine/kg body weight/day) and high-dose (received 6 mg nicotine/kg body weight/day). At the termination of the study, the rats were euthanized and their blood samples and ovaries were collected for biochemical and histopathological investigations. Testosterone and estradiol hormones showed a significant decrease (P<0.05( in Afzal-treated groups (low and high doses) compared with the control. Histopathological findings revealed the damaging effects manifested as a reduction in the number of the germ cells with deformed organization and in fatty and fibrous degenerations in testes and ovaries. Afzal was found to have adverse effect on the reproductive hormones and gonadal pathology in Wistar rats of both genders, and hence users of Afzal need to consider the risk associated with its frequent use.

Keywords

Smokeless Tobacco Product Afzal Wistar Rats Reproductive Hormones Testes Ovaries Testosterone Estradiol.

Article Details

References

  1. Abd El Mohsen, M.M., Fahim, A.T., Motawi, T.M.K. and Ismail, N.A. Nicotine and Stress: Effect on Sex Hormones and Lipid Profile in Female Rats. Pharmacological Research. 1997, 35(3), 181-187.
  2. Millan, M.J. Stress and endogenous opioid peptides. Modern Problems in Pharmacopsychiatry. 1981, 17, 49-67.
  3. Rivier, C., Rivier, J. and Vale, W. Stress-induced inhibition of reproductive functions. Science. 1986, 231, 607-609.
  4. Kilinc, M., Okur, E., Kurutas, E.B., Guler, F.I. and Yildirim, I. The effects of Maras powder (smokeless tobacco) on oxidative stress in users. Cell Biochemistry Function. 2004, 22, 233-236.
  5. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of smoking: a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2004. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/2004/complete_report/index.htm. Accessed: December 2019.
  6. Balfour, D.J.K. Studies on the biochemical and behavioral effects of oral nicotine. Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. 1980, 245, 95-103.
  7. Sharp, B.M. and Beyer, H.S. Rapid desensitization of the acute stimulatory effects of nicotine on rat plasma adrenocorticotropin and prolactin. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1986, 238, 486-91.
  8. Oguwike, F., Nwozor, C.M., Adinnu, C.D. and Adeleye, G.S. Effects of Oral Administration of Nicotine on Sex Hormone Concentrations of Adult Albino Rats. International Journal Health and Medical Information. 2012, 1(1), 23-26.
  9. Aydos, K., Given, M.C., Can, B. and Ergun, A. Nicotine toxicity to the ultrastructure of the testis in rats. British Journal of Urology International. 2001, 88(6), 622-6.
  10. Mlynarcikova, A., Fickova, M. and Scsukova, S. Ovarian Intrafollicular processes as a target for cigarette smoke components and selected environmental reproductive disruptions. Endocrine Regulations; 2005, 39(1), 21-32.
  11. Tanko, L.B. and Christiansen, C. An update on the antiestrogenic effect of smoking; a literature review with implications for researches and practitioners. Menopause. 2004, 11(1), 104-109.
  12. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Volume 89: Smokeless Tobacco and Some Tobacco-specific N-Nitrosamines. Lyon, France. 2007. From: www.monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/recentpub/mono89.pdf. Accessed: December 2019.
  13. Pramanik P. Effect of aqueous extracts of khaini on fertility of adult male albino rats. Double Helix Research International Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2012, 3(1), 106-113.
  14. Galam, N.Z., Gambo, I.M., Dami, S.N., Gomerep, S.S., Ayaka, L.O., Sendeht, A.J. and Egesie, G.U. Evaluation of some reproductive hormonal profile following the administration of varied doses of nicotine. Journal of Medicine in the Tropics. 2013, 15(2), 82-85.
  15. Pappas, R.S., Toxic Elements in Tobacco and in Cigarette Smoke: Inflammation and Sensitization. Metalogics. 2011, 3(11), 1181-1198. doi:10.1039/c1mt00066g.
  16. Al-Mukhaini, N., Ba-Omar, T., Eltayeb, E. and Al-Shehi, A. Determination of Heavy Metals in the Common Smokeless Tobacco Afzal in Oman. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal. 2014, 14(3), 349-355.
  17. Al-Mukhaini, N., Ba-Omar, T., Eltayeb, E. and Al-Shehi, A. Characterisation of Nicotine and Cancer-Enhancing Anions in the Common Smokeless Tobacco Afzal in Oman. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal. 2015, 15(4), 415-425.
  18. Al-Mukhaini, N., Ba-Omar, T., Eltayeb, E. and Al-Shehi, A. Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines (TSNAs) in Afzal, the common Omani Smokeless Tobacco Product. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal. 2016, 16 (1), 20-26.
  19. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. How tobacco smoke causes disease: the biology and behavioral basis for smoking-attributable disease: a report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General; 2010. Available from:
  20. http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/tobaccosmoke/full_report.pdf. Accessed: December 2019.
  21. Ukoha U., Dimkpa U. and Maduka S. The effect of sub-lethal doses of smokeless tobacco (snuff) on certain hematological and hemostatic parameters in Wistar rats. Journal of Experimental and Integrative Medicine. 2012, 2(3), 225-230.
  22. Broadaway, B., Eubank, L.E. and Pearce, A.R. Voluntary consumption of concentrated oral nicotine solutions and serum nicotine detection by GC-MS. Electronic Journal of Integrative Biosciences. 2008, 5, 11-18.
  23. Beckman Coulter instruction for use. Access Estradiol REF 33540 (2015). Available from: https://www.beckmancoulter.com/wsrportal/page/itemDetails?itemNumber=33540#2/10//0/25/1/0/asc/2/33540//C_%2FConsumable%20IFU|CIS|Setting%20Sheet/0/0/techdoc/1/. Accessed December 2019.
  24. Beckman Coulter instruction for use. Access Testosterone REF 33560 (2016). Available from: https://www.beckmancoulter.com/wsrportal/page/itemDetails?itemNumber=33560#2/10//0/25/1/0/asc/2/33560//C_%2FConsumable%20IFU|CIS|Setting%20Sheet/0/0/techdoc/1/. Accessed December 2019.
  25. Bozzola, J.J. and Russell, L.D. Electron Microscopy (Principles and Techniques for biologists). 2nd Edition. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. London. 1999. p18-30.
  26. Makker, K., Agarwal, A.A. and Sharma, R. Oxidative stress & male infertility. The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2009, 129(4), 357-67.
  27. Aprioku, J.S. and Ugwu, T.C. Comparative Evaluation of the Impact of Subacute Exposure of Smokeless Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke on Rat Testis. International Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 2015, 1155-1165.
  28. Connell, G.M. and Eik‑Nes, K.B. Testosterone production by rabbit testis slices. Steroids 1968, 12, 507‑16.
  29. Sharpe, R.M., Maddocks, S., Millar, M., Kerr, J.B., Saunders, P.T. and Mckinnell, C. Testosterone and spermatogenesis. Identification of stage specific, androgen-regulated proteins secreted by adult rat seminiferous tubules. Journal of Andrology. 1992, 13(2), 172-184.
  30. Iranloye, B.O. and Bolarinwa, A.F. Effect of nicotine administration on weight and histology of some vital visceral organs in female albino rats. Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences. 2009, 24(1), 7-12.
  31. Dey, S.K. and Roy, S. Effect of Chromium on certain aspects of cellular toxicity. Iranian Journal of Toxicolgy. 2009, 2(4), 260-267.
  32. Trif, A., Petrovici, S., Dumitrescu, E. and Muselin, F. Dynamics of Female Sexual Hormones After Six Months Exposure To Potassium Dichromate (Cr Vi). Animal Biology and Animal Husbandry International Journal of the Bioflux Society. 2010, 2(1), 15-19.
  33. Yamamoto, Y., Isoyama, E. Sofikitis, N. and Miyagawa, I. Effects of smoking on testicular function and fertilizing potential in rats. Urological Research. 1998, 26(1), 45-8.
  34. Oyeyipo, I.P., Raji, Y., Emikpe, B.O. and Bolarinwa, A.F. Effects of oral administration of nicotine on organ weight, serum testosterone level and testicular pathology in adult male rats. Nigerian Journal of Psychological Sciences. 2010, 25(1), 81-86.
  35. Gambo, I.M., Galam, N.Z., Adamu, G., Louis, A.O., Habeeb, A.A., Bello, M.M., Bello, N., Rabiu, A.M. and Odeh, S.O. The Effect of Aqueous Leave Extract of Nicotiana Tabacum (Tobacco) on Some Reproductive Parameters and Micro-Anatomical Architecture of the Testis in Male Albino Wistar Rats. Journal of Natural Sciences Research. 2013, 3(5), 137-143.
  36. Galaly, S.R., Hozayen, W.G., Amin, K.A. and Ramadan, S.M. Effects of Orlistat and herbal mixture extract on brain, testes functions and oxidative stress biomarkers in a rat model of high fat diet. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 2014, 3, 93-105.