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Abstract
Relatively little is known about the physiological age of resting mosquitoes. In this study, Culex quinquefasciatus Say had a similar proportion of males (75%) in the resting as in the flying population (76%), but among the females, there were significant differences between the physiological age of the resting and flying populations. The proportion of unfed females (51%) was significantly smaller in the resting than in the flying female group (82%). By contrast, in the resting group, there were much higher proportions of blood-fed (28% compared with 4%) and to a lesser extent gravid (21% compared with 14%) females. Of the blood-fed females, most of the resting individuals were freshly blood-fed. Both males and females entered the resting traps throughout the day (but none were collected after sunset), with the main peak around dawn. The flying population showed two circadian peaks: a larger peak at dawn and smaller peak after sunset. This indicates a different pattern from that shown in other studies and demonstrates the significant geographic variation within this pan-tropical species.
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References
- ABU HASSAN, A., NARAYANAN, V. and SALMAH, M.R.C. 1993. Observations on the physico-chemical factors of the breeding habitats of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 (Diptera: Culicidae) in towns of North Western Peninsular Malaysia. Ann. Med. Entomol., 2: 1-5.
- BEEHLER, J.W., WEBB, J.P. and MULLA, M.S. 1993. Spatial and circadian oviposition patterns in an urban population of Culex quinquefasciatus. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc., 9: 385-388.
- BIRLEY, M.H. and RAJAGOPALAN, P.K. 1981. Estimation of the survival and biting rates of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Entomol., 18: 181-186.
- BRUNHES, J. 1975. La filiarose de Bancroft dans les sous-region malgache (Comores-Madagascar-Reunion). Memoires ORSTOM, 81: 1-212.
- CAGLAR, S.S., ALTEN, B., BELLINI, R., SIMSEK, F.M. and KAYNAS, S. 2003. Comparison of nocturnal activities of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) sampled by New Jersey light traps and CO2 traps in Belek, Turkey. J. Vector Ecol., 28: 1-11.
- CHANDRA, G., SEAL, B. and HATI, A.K. 1996. Age composition of the filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Calcutta, India. Bull. Entomol. Res,. 86: 223-226.
- CHANDRA, G. 2001. Man biting activity of filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus. J. Comm. Dis., 33: 53-57.
- CHAVASSE, D.C., LINES, J.D., ICHIMORI, K. and MARIJANI, J. 1995. Mosquito control in Dar es Salaam. I Assessment of Culex quinquefasciatus breeding sites prior to intervention. Med. Vet. Entomol., 9: 141-146.
- GOWDA, N.N. and VIAYAN, V.A. 1993. Biting density, behaviour and age distribution of Culex quinquefasciatus Say in Mysore city, India. S.E. Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Hlth., 24: 152-156.
- HAYES, J. and DOWNES, T.D. 1980. Seasonal changes in an isolated population of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae): a time series analysis. J. Med. Entomol., 17: 63-69.
- JONES, M.D.R. 1982. Coupled oscillators controlling circadian flight activity in the mosquito, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. Physiol. Entomol., 7: 281-289.
- KHAN, S.A., NARAIN, K., DUTTA, P., HANDIQUE, R., SRIVASTAVA, V.K. and MAHANTA, J. 1997. Biting behaviour and biting rhythm of potential Japanese encephalitis vectors in Assam. J. Comm. Dis., 29: 109-120.
- KULKHANI, S.M. and RAJPUT, K.B. 1988. Day-time resting habitats of Culicine mosquitoes and their preponderance in Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh, India. J. Comm. Dis., 20: 280-286.
- MAHANTA, B, HANDIQUE, R., DUTTA, P., NARAIN, K. and MAHANTA, J. 1999. Temporal variations in biting density and rhythm of Culex quinquefasciatus in tea agro-ecosystem of Assam, India. S.E. Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Hlth., 30: 804-809.
- MENON, P.K.B. and RAJAGOPALAN, P.K. 1980. Relative importance of different types of breeding habitats in contributing to the population of Culex pipiens fatigans in Pondicherry. Indian J. Med. Res., 71: 725-733.
- MORRIS, C.D. 1981. A structural and operational analysis of diurnal resting shelters for mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Entomol., 18: 419-424.
- PANICKER, K.N., BAI, M.G. and VISWAM, K. 1981. Observations on the oviposition rhythm of some mosquitoes. Indian J. Med. Res., 74: 388-391.
- PIPITGOOL, V., WAREE, P., SITHITHAWORN, P. and LIMVIROJ, W. 1998. Studies on biting density and biting cycle of Culex quinquefasciatus, Say in Khon Kaen city, Thailand. S.E. Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Hlth., 29: 333-336.
- RAMASAMY, M.S., KULASEKERA, R., SRIKRISHNARAJ, K.A. and RAMASAMY, R. 1994. Population dynamics of anthropophilic mosquitoes during the northeast monsoon season in the malaria epidemic zone of Sri Lanka. Med. Vet. Entomol., 8: 265-274.
- ROBERTS, D.M. and IRVING-BELL, R.J. 1997. Salinity and microhabitat preferences in mosquito larvae from southern Oman. J. Arid Environ., 37: 497-504.
- SCHREIBER, E.T., WALTON, W.E. and MULLA, M.S. 1993. Mosquito utilisation of resting sites at an urban residence in southern California. Bull. Soc. Vector Ecol., 18: 152-159.
- SERVICE, M.W. 1963. The ecology of the mosquitoes of the northern Guinea savannah of Nigeria. Bull. Entomol. Res,. 54: 601-632.
- SHINKAWA, Y., TAKEDA, S., TOMIOKA, K., MATSUMOTO, A., ODA, T. and CHIBA, Y. 1994. Variability in circadian activity patterns within the Culex pipiens complex (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Entomol., 31: 49-56.
- SINHA, V.P. 1976. Further observations on the physico-chemical factors of the breeding places of Culex quinquefasciatus Say = fatigans Wied. Mosq. News, 36: 358-360.
- SUBRA, R. 1970. Etude ecologiques sur Culex pipiens fatigans Wiedemann, 1828, (Diptera, Culicidae) dans une zone urbaine de savane soudanienne ouest-africaine. Dynamique des populations preimaginales. Cah. ORSTOM serie Entomol. Med. Parasitol., 8: 353-376.
- SUBRA, R. 1981. Biology and control of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say, 1823, (Diptera: Culicidae) with special reference to Africa. Insect Sc. Applic., 1: 319-338.
- SUBRA, R. 1982. The distribution and frequency of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say 1823 (Diptera: Culicidae) breeding places on the Kenya coast in relation to human sociological factors. J. Trop. Med. Hygiene, 85: 57-61.
- SUCHARIT, S., HARINASUTA, C., SURATHIN, K., DEESIN, T., VUTIKES, S. and RONGSRIYAM, Y. 1981. Some aspects of biting cycles of Culex quinquefasciatus in Bangkok, Thailand. S.E. Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Hlth., 12: 75-78.
- SULEMAN, M. and SHIRIN, M. 1981. Laboratory studies on oviposition behaviour of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae): choice of oviposition medium and oviposition cycle. Bull. Entomol. Res,. 71: 361-369.
- TUNO, N., TSUDA, Y., TAKAGI, M. and SWONKERD, W. 2003. Pre- and postprandial mosquito resting behaviour around cattle hosts. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc.,19: 211-219.
- VANAMAIL, P and RAMAIAH, K.D. 1991. Biting periodicity index of Culex quinquefasciatus and its relationship with microfilaria periodicity in Pondicherry. Indian J. Med. Res., 93: 379-383.
- YEE, W.L. and WOODBRIDGE, A.F. 1992. Diel sugar-feeding and host-seeking rhythms in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) under laboratory conditions. J. Med. Entomol., 29: 784-791.
References
ABU HASSAN, A., NARAYANAN, V. and SALMAH, M.R.C. 1993. Observations on the physico-chemical factors of the breeding habitats of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 (Diptera: Culicidae) in towns of North Western Peninsular Malaysia. Ann. Med. Entomol., 2: 1-5.
BEEHLER, J.W., WEBB, J.P. and MULLA, M.S. 1993. Spatial and circadian oviposition patterns in an urban population of Culex quinquefasciatus. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc., 9: 385-388.
BIRLEY, M.H. and RAJAGOPALAN, P.K. 1981. Estimation of the survival and biting rates of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Entomol., 18: 181-186.
BRUNHES, J. 1975. La filiarose de Bancroft dans les sous-region malgache (Comores-Madagascar-Reunion). Memoires ORSTOM, 81: 1-212.
CAGLAR, S.S., ALTEN, B., BELLINI, R., SIMSEK, F.M. and KAYNAS, S. 2003. Comparison of nocturnal activities of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) sampled by New Jersey light traps and CO2 traps in Belek, Turkey. J. Vector Ecol., 28: 1-11.
CHANDRA, G., SEAL, B. and HATI, A.K. 1996. Age composition of the filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Calcutta, India. Bull. Entomol. Res,. 86: 223-226.
CHANDRA, G. 2001. Man biting activity of filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus. J. Comm. Dis., 33: 53-57.
CHAVASSE, D.C., LINES, J.D., ICHIMORI, K. and MARIJANI, J. 1995. Mosquito control in Dar es Salaam. I Assessment of Culex quinquefasciatus breeding sites prior to intervention. Med. Vet. Entomol., 9: 141-146.
GOWDA, N.N. and VIAYAN, V.A. 1993. Biting density, behaviour and age distribution of Culex quinquefasciatus Say in Mysore city, India. S.E. Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Hlth., 24: 152-156.
HAYES, J. and DOWNES, T.D. 1980. Seasonal changes in an isolated population of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae): a time series analysis. J. Med. Entomol., 17: 63-69.
JONES, M.D.R. 1982. Coupled oscillators controlling circadian flight activity in the mosquito, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. Physiol. Entomol., 7: 281-289.
KHAN, S.A., NARAIN, K., DUTTA, P., HANDIQUE, R., SRIVASTAVA, V.K. and MAHANTA, J. 1997. Biting behaviour and biting rhythm of potential Japanese encephalitis vectors in Assam. J. Comm. Dis., 29: 109-120.
KULKHANI, S.M. and RAJPUT, K.B. 1988. Day-time resting habitats of Culicine mosquitoes and their preponderance in Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh, India. J. Comm. Dis., 20: 280-286.
MAHANTA, B, HANDIQUE, R., DUTTA, P., NARAIN, K. and MAHANTA, J. 1999. Temporal variations in biting density and rhythm of Culex quinquefasciatus in tea agro-ecosystem of Assam, India. S.E. Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Hlth., 30: 804-809.
MENON, P.K.B. and RAJAGOPALAN, P.K. 1980. Relative importance of different types of breeding habitats in contributing to the population of Culex pipiens fatigans in Pondicherry. Indian J. Med. Res., 71: 725-733.
MORRIS, C.D. 1981. A structural and operational analysis of diurnal resting shelters for mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Entomol., 18: 419-424.
PANICKER, K.N., BAI, M.G. and VISWAM, K. 1981. Observations on the oviposition rhythm of some mosquitoes. Indian J. Med. Res., 74: 388-391.
PIPITGOOL, V., WAREE, P., SITHITHAWORN, P. and LIMVIROJ, W. 1998. Studies on biting density and biting cycle of Culex quinquefasciatus, Say in Khon Kaen city, Thailand. S.E. Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Hlth., 29: 333-336.
RAMASAMY, M.S., KULASEKERA, R., SRIKRISHNARAJ, K.A. and RAMASAMY, R. 1994. Population dynamics of anthropophilic mosquitoes during the northeast monsoon season in the malaria epidemic zone of Sri Lanka. Med. Vet. Entomol., 8: 265-274.
ROBERTS, D.M. and IRVING-BELL, R.J. 1997. Salinity and microhabitat preferences in mosquito larvae from southern Oman. J. Arid Environ., 37: 497-504.
SCHREIBER, E.T., WALTON, W.E. and MULLA, M.S. 1993. Mosquito utilisation of resting sites at an urban residence in southern California. Bull. Soc. Vector Ecol., 18: 152-159.
SERVICE, M.W. 1963. The ecology of the mosquitoes of the northern Guinea savannah of Nigeria. Bull. Entomol. Res,. 54: 601-632.
SHINKAWA, Y., TAKEDA, S., TOMIOKA, K., MATSUMOTO, A., ODA, T. and CHIBA, Y. 1994. Variability in circadian activity patterns within the Culex pipiens complex (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Entomol., 31: 49-56.
SINHA, V.P. 1976. Further observations on the physico-chemical factors of the breeding places of Culex quinquefasciatus Say = fatigans Wied. Mosq. News, 36: 358-360.
SUBRA, R. 1970. Etude ecologiques sur Culex pipiens fatigans Wiedemann, 1828, (Diptera, Culicidae) dans une zone urbaine de savane soudanienne ouest-africaine. Dynamique des populations preimaginales. Cah. ORSTOM serie Entomol. Med. Parasitol., 8: 353-376.
SUBRA, R. 1981. Biology and control of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say, 1823, (Diptera: Culicidae) with special reference to Africa. Insect Sc. Applic., 1: 319-338.
SUBRA, R. 1982. The distribution and frequency of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say 1823 (Diptera: Culicidae) breeding places on the Kenya coast in relation to human sociological factors. J. Trop. Med. Hygiene, 85: 57-61.
SUCHARIT, S., HARINASUTA, C., SURATHIN, K., DEESIN, T., VUTIKES, S. and RONGSRIYAM, Y. 1981. Some aspects of biting cycles of Culex quinquefasciatus in Bangkok, Thailand. S.E. Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Hlth., 12: 75-78.
SULEMAN, M. and SHIRIN, M. 1981. Laboratory studies on oviposition behaviour of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae): choice of oviposition medium and oviposition cycle. Bull. Entomol. Res,. 71: 361-369.
TUNO, N., TSUDA, Y., TAKAGI, M. and SWONKERD, W. 2003. Pre- and postprandial mosquito resting behaviour around cattle hosts. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc.,19: 211-219.
VANAMAIL, P and RAMAIAH, K.D. 1991. Biting periodicity index of Culex quinquefasciatus and its relationship with microfilaria periodicity in Pondicherry. Indian J. Med. Res., 93: 379-383.
YEE, W.L. and WOODBRIDGE, A.F. 1992. Diel sugar-feeding and host-seeking rhythms in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) under laboratory conditions. J. Med. Entomol., 29: 784-791.