Main Article Content

Abstract

The Gulf of Oman, an ecologically and economically rich ecosystem, is frequently impacted by occurrences of harmful algal blooms. Recent studies indicate an increase in the number of causative species and harmful impacts. Many red tide incidents in Oman have been found leading to hypoxia. The frequent bloom forming species here are Karenia selliformis, Nitzschia pungens, Prorocentrum arabianum and Trichodesmium erythraeum. We review work carried out in this area, and we propose here a Management Action Plan for not only an effective monitoring system for harmful algal blooms (HABs), but also mitigation of their adverse impacts and rapid response system.

 

 

Keywords

Harmful algae HAB management mariculture.

Article Details

References

  1. Al-BUSAIDI, S.S., Al-RASHDI, K.H., Al-GHEILANI, H.M. and AMER, S. 2007. Massive fish mortality during red tide of Masirah Island, Arabian Sea. The Arabian Seas International Conference on Science and Technology of Aquaculture, Fisheries and Oceanography. Kuwait February 10-13. Kuwait Institute for Research, Kuwait.
  2. ANDERSEN, P., ENEVOLDSEN, H., and ANDERSON, D.M. 2003 Harmful algal monitoring program and action plan design. In: Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae. eds G.M. Hallgraeff; D.M., Anderson and A.D. Cembella. UNESCO Publishing.
  3. ANDERSON, D.M. and MOREL, F.M.M. 1978. Copper sensitivity of Gonyaulax tamarensis Limnol Oceanog., 23: 283-295.
  4. ANDERSON, D.M., ANDERSEN, P., BRINCELJ, N.M., CULLEN, J.J. and RENSEL, J.E. 2001. Monitoring and management strategies for harmful algal blooms in coastal waters. IOC Technical Series No. 59. IOC UNESCO.
  5. ANONYMOUS. 1997. Close control afloat. Fish Farm Int, 24(11); Suppl.26.
  6. BATH, R.N. and EDDY F.B. 1979. Ionic and respiratory regulation in rainbow trout during transfer to sea water. J. Comp. Physiol, 134: 351-357.
  7. BERG, G.M., GILBERT ,M., LOMAS, M.L. and BURFORD, M. 1997. Organic nitrogen uptake and growth by the Chryophyte Aureococcus anophagefferens during a brown tide event. Mar Biol., 129: 377-387.
  8. BLACK, A.E., WHYTE, J.N.C., BAGSHAW, J.W. and GUNTER, N.G. 1991. The effect of Heterosigma akashiwo on juvenile Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and its implications for fish culture. J. Appl. Ichthyol., 7: 168-175.
  9. BOYD, C.E. and WATTEN B.J. 1989. Aeration systems in aquaculture. Rev Aquacutic Sci, 1: 425-472.
  10. COLT, J., ORWICZ, K. and BOUCK, G. 1991. Water quality consideration and criteria for high density fish culture with supplemental oxygen. In: Fisheries bioengineering Symposium Bethesda. eds M.d. J. Colt and R.J. White. American Fisheries Society Symposium 10: 372-385.
  11. COOKE, G.D., WELCH, E.B., PETERSON, S.A. and NEWROTH, P.R. 1993. Restoration and management of Lakes and Reservoirs. (2nd edition) Boca Raton, Lewis Publishers.
  12. CHOI, H.G., KIM, P.J., LEE, W.C., YUN, S.J., KIM, H.G. and LEE, H.J. 1998. Removal efficiency of Cochlodinium polykrikoides by yellow loess. J Korean Fish Soc., 31: 109-113.
  13. FOLKE, C., CATUSKY, N., and TROELL, M.M. 1994. The cost of eutrophication from salmon farming; implications for policy. J. Environ Management, 40: 173-182.
  14. HARASHIMA, A., TSUDA, R., TANAKA, Y., KIMOTO, T., TATSUTA, H. and FURUSAWA, K. 1997. Monitoring algal blooms and related biogeochemical changes with a flow through system deployed on ferries in the adjacent seas of Japan In: Monitoring Algal Blooms. New Techniques for Detecting Large–Scale Environmental Change. eds M. Kahru and C.W. Brown. Berlin, Springer-Verlag.
  15. HICKEL, W., BAUERFUND, E., NIERMANN, U., and WESTERN-HAUGEN, H.V. 1989. Oxygen deficiency in the south eastern North Sea: sources and biological effects. Ber Bio Anst Holgoland, 4:1-148.
  16. HONJO, T. 1993. Overview bloom dynamics and physiological ecology of Heterosigma akashiwo In: Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea. eds T.J. Smayda and Y. Shimizu. Amsterdam Elsevier Science BV: 33-42.
  17. HORNER, R.A., GARRISON, D.L. and PLUMLEY, F.G. 1997. Harmful algal blooms and red tide problems on the US west coast. Limnol. Oceanog, 4: 1076-1088.
  18. KAHRU, M., HORSTMANN, V. and RUD, O. 1994. Satellite detection of increased cynaobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea: Natural fluctuation or ecosystem change? Ambio, 23: 469-472.
  19. KAMYKOWSKI, D. 1981. Laboratory experiments on the diurnal vertical mixing migration of marine dinoflagellates through temperature gradients. Mar. Biol., 62: 81-89.
  20. KAMYKOWSKI, D. 1976. Possible interactions between plankton and semidiurnal internal tides.II. Deep thermoclines and trophication effects. J. Mar. Res., 34: 449-509.
  21. KEAFER, B.A. and ANDERSON, D.M. 1993. Use of remotely sensed sea surface temperatures in studies of Alexandrium minutum bloom dynamics. In: Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea. Amsterdam. eds T.J. Smayda and Y. Shimizu. Elsevier Sciences p.p 763-768.
  22. KILLS U. 1979. Oxygen regime and artificial aeration of net cages in mariculture. Meeresforschung, 27: 236-243.
  23. KIM, H.G. 1998. Cochlodinium polkrikoides blooms in Korean coastal waters and their mitigation In: Harmful Algae Proc 8th Int. eds B. Reguera, J. Blanco, M.L. Fernandez and T. Wyatt. Conf. Harmful Algae. Paris, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO.
  24. KIM, C.S., LEE, S.G., LEE, C.K., KIM, H.G. and JUNG, J. 1999. Reactive oxygen species as causative agents in the ichthyotoxicity of the red tide dinoflagellate Cochlodinum polykrikoides. J. Plankton Res., 21: 2105-2115.
  25. MALLAT, J. 1985. Fish gill structural changes induced by toxicants and other irritants: A statistical review. Can. J. Fish Aq. Sc., 42: 630-648.
  26. MARUYAMA, T., YAMADA, R., KOCHICHI, U., SUZUKI, H. and YOSHIDA, T. 1987. Removal of marine red tide planktons with treated clay. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 53: 1811-1819.
  27. MATHEWS, C.P., Al-MAMARY, J., and Al-BELUSHI, J. 2001. Impacts of upwelling, red tides and related oceanographic events on the fisheries of Muscat, Batinah and Oman. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Report.
  28. MORTON, S.L., FAUST, M.A., FAIREY, E.A. and MOELLER, P.D.R. 2002. Morphology and toxicology of Prorocentrum arabanium sp. nov. dinphyceae, a toxic planktonic dinoflagellate from the Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea. Harmful Algae, 1: 339-400.
  29. ODA, T., NAKAMURA, T., SHIKAYAMA, M., KAWANO, I., ISHIMATSU, A. and MURAMATSU, T. 1997. Generation of reactive species by raphidophyceaen phytoplankton. Bio Sci Biotechnol Biochem, 61: 1658-1662.
  30. OKAICHI, T. 1989. Red tide problems in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. In: Red Tides: Biology, Environmental Science and Toxicology. eds T.Okaichi, D.M. Anderson and T. Nemoto. New York Elsevier Science Inc. 137-142.
  31. PART, P., TUURALA, H. and SOIVIO, A. 1982. Oxygen transfer, gill resistance and structural changes in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) gills perfused with vasoactive agents. Comp Biochem Physiol, 71C: 7-13.
  32. RENSEL, J.E. 2001. Puget sound salmon net pen rules; performance criteria and monitoring. Global Aquaculture Advocate, 4: 66-69.
  33. RENSEL, J.E. 1992. Harmful effects of the marine diatom Chaetoceros concavicornis on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Ph.D. dissertation. Seattle, Washington.
  34. RENSEL, J.E. 1993. Severe blood hypoxia of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to the marine diatom Chaetoceros concavicornis In: Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea. eds T.J. Smayda, Y. Shimizu. Amsterdam Elsevier Science BV Developments in Marine Biology 3.
  35. RENSEL, J,E, and WHYTE, J,N,C, 2003. Finfish mariculture and harmful algal blooms, In: Manual of Harmful Marine Algae. eds G.M. Hallegraeff, D.M. Anderson and A,D. Cembella. UNESCO Publishing.
  36. SCHOLIN, C.A. and ANDERSON, D.M. 1998. Detection and quantification of HAB species using antibody and DNA probes: progress to date and future research objectives In: Harmful Algae, Santiago de Compostela. eds B. Reguera, J. Blanco, M.L. Fernandez, T. Nyatt. Xunta De Galicia and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO.
  37. SENGCO, M.R.; LI, A.; TUGEND, K.; KULI, S.; ANDERSON, D.M. 2001. Removal of red and brown tide cells using clay flocculation: I: Laboratory culture experiments with Gymnodinium brevis and Aureococcus anophagefferens. Mar Ecol Prog. Ser., 210: 41-53.
  38. SHEPARD, M.P. 1995. Resistance and tolerance of young speckled trout (Salvelinus frontinalis) to oxygen lack with special reference to low oxygen acclimation. J. Fish Biol. Res. Bd. Can., 12: 389.
  39. SHIROTA, A. 1989. Red tide problem and countermeasures (2). Int. J. Aq. Fish. Technol., 1: 195-223.
  40. SMAYDA,T.J. 2003. Environmental monitoring, with examples from Narrangansett Bay In: Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae. eds G.M. Hallegraeff, D.M., Anderson and A.D. Cembella. UNESCO Publishing.
  41. SMAYDA, T.J. and REYNOLDS, C.S. 2001. Community assembly Application of recent models to harmful dinoflagellate blooms. J. Plankton. Res., 23: 447-461.
  42. SPEARE, D.J. and FERGUSON, H.W. 1989. Fixation artifacts in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) gills: a morphometric evaluation. Can. J. Fish. Aq. Sc., 46: 780-785.
  43. SPEARE, D.J., BRACKETT, J. and FERGUSON, H.W. 1989. Sequential pathology of the gills of Coho salmon with a combined diatom and microsporidian gill infection. Can. Vet. J., 30: 571-575.
  44. TANAKA, K., MUTO, T. and SHIMIDA, M. 1994. Generation of superoxide radicals by the marine phytoplankton organism, Chatonella antiqua. J. Plankton Res., 16: 161-169.
  45. TAKAHASHI, M. and FUKAZAWA, N. 1982. A mechanism of “red tide” formation II. Effect of selective nutrient stimulation on the growth of different phytoplankton species in natural water. Mar. Biol., 70: 267-273.
  46. TURNER, R.K., VAN DEN BERGH, J.C.J.M., SODERQVIST, T., BARENDREGT, A., VAN DEN STRAATEN, J., MALTBY, E. and VAN IERLAND,E.C. 2000. Ecological-economic analysis of wet lands: scientific integration for management and policy. Ecological Economics, 35 (1): 7-23.
  47. WONG, P.S. and WU, R.S. 1987. Red tides in Hong Kong: Problems and management strategy with special reference in marine phytoplankton to mariculture industry. J. Shoreline Management, 3: 1-21.
  48. WHYTE, J.N.C. 1997. Harmful marine algae and research directed at mitigating their effects. In: Proc. First Korea-Canada Joint Symposium in Aquatic Biosciences. Pukyong National University, Institute of Fisheries Science.
  49. YANG, C,Z, and ALBRIGHT, L.J. 1994. Antiphytoplankton therapy of finfish: the mucolytic agent ά-cysteine ethyl ester protects coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch against the harmful phytoplankter Chaetoceros concavicornis. Dis. Aquat. Org., 20: 197-202.
  50. YANG, C.Z., ALBRIGHT, L.J. and YOUSIF, A.N. 1995. Oxygen radical mediated effects of the toxic phytoplankton Heterosigma Carterae on juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Dis. Aq. Org., 23:101-108.