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Abstract
In addition to its traditional medicinal importance, Solanum incanum (thorn apple) is also a rich source of important cytotoxic glycoalkaloids such as solamargine and solasonine. The effect of salinity stress on solamargine and solasonine production by Solanum incanum plants grown in soil has been investigated. Salinity stress has been applied by adding NaCl to the soil, in concentrations: 0.0 (control), 75, 150, and 225 mM for 8 weeks. HPTLC method was used for analysis of solamargine and solasonine in leaves, stem and roots. A positive correlation was observed between 150 mM NaCl salinity and production of solamargine and solasonine in leaves. In roots, solamargine content was not affected by NaCl treatment, whereas solasonine content increased with a short-term salinity treatment. However, salinity seems to reduce the production of solamargine and solasonine in the roots of Solanum incanum. The possibility of using NaCl as an efficient and economical elicitor of glycoalkaloid production in Solanum incanum plants is rejected on the basis of the results obtained.
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References
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- Zribi, L., Fatma, G., Fatma, R., Salwa, R., Hassan, N. and Néjib, R.M. Application of chlorophyll fluorescence for the diagnosis of salt stress in tomato “Solanum lycopersicum (variety Rio Grande)”. Scientia Horti., 2009, 120, 367-372.
- Da Silva, E.C., Nogueira, R.J.M.C., De Araújo, F.P., De Melo, N.F. and De Azevedo, Neto A.D. Physiological responses to salt stress in young umbu plants. Enviro. and Expt. Bot., 2008, 63, 147-157.
- Wahid, A., Perveen, M., Gelani, S. and Basra, S.M.A. Pretreatment of seed with H2O2 improves salt tolerance of wheat seedlings by alleviation of oxidative damage and expression of stress proteins. J.Plant Physio., 2007, 164, 283-294.
- Houle, G., Morel, L., Reynolds, C.E. and Siégel, J. The effect of salinity on different developmental stages of an endemic annual plant, Aster laurentianus (Asteraceae). Am. J. Bot., 2001, 88, 62-67.
- Yang, F., Xiao, X., Zhang, S., Korpelainen, H. and Li, C. Salt stress responses in Populus cathayana Rehder. Plant Sci., 2009, 176, 669-677.
- Perica, S., Goreta, S. and Selak, G.V. Growth, biomass allocation and leaf ion concentration of seven olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars under increased salinity. Sci. Hort., 2008, 117, 123-129.
- Lakhdar, A., Hafsi, C., Rabhi, M., Debez, A., Montemurro, F., Abdelly, C., Jedidi, N. and Ouerghi, Z. Application of municipal solid waste compost reduces the negative effects of saline water in Hordeum maritimum L. Biores. Tech., 2008, 99, 7160-7167.
- Parida, A.K. and Das, A.B. Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: A review. Ecotoxicology and Enviro. Safety., 2005, 60, 324-349.
- Kiliç, C.C, Kukul, Y.S. and Anaç, D. Performance of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) as a salt-removing crop. Agricultural Water Management., 2008, 95, 854-858.
- Jasmin, Š., Daria, L. and Mohamed, R.A. In vitro production of solasodine alkaloid in Solanum nigrum under salinity stress; J. Phytol., 2011, 3(1), 43-49.
- Bhat, M.A, Ahmad, S., Aslam, J. and Mujib, A.M. Salinity stress enhances production of solasodine in Solanum nigrum L. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 2008, 56, 17-21.
- Maurya, A., Manika, N., Verma, R.K., Singh, S.C. and Srivastava, S.K. Simple and reliable methods for the determination of three steroidal glycosides in the eight species of Solanum by reversed-phase HPLC coupled with diode array detection. Phytochem. Anal., 2013, 24, 87-92.
- Carman, A.S., Kuan, S.S., Ware, G.M., Francis, O.J. and Kirschenheuter, G.P. Rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of the potato glycoalkaloids α-solanine and α-chaconine. J. Agric. Food Chem., 1986, 34(2), 279–282.
- Milner, S.E., Brunton, N.P., Jones, P.W., O’ Brien, N.M., Collins, S.G. and Maguire, A.R. Bioactivities of glycoalkaloids and their aglycones from Solanum species. J. Agric and Food Chem., 2011, 59, 3454-3484.
- Friedman, M. and Dao, L. Distribution of glycoalkaloids in potato plants and commercial potato products. J. Agric Food Chem., 1992, 40, 419-423.
- Manase, M.J., Mitaine-Offer A-C, Pertuit, D., Miyamoto, T., Tanaka, C., Delemasure, S., Dutartre, P., Mirjolet, J.F, Duchamp, O. and Lacaille-Dubois, M.A. Solanum incanum and S. heteracanthum as sources of biologically active steroid glycosides: Confirmation of their synonymy. Fitoterapia, 2012, 83, 1115-1119.
- Eltayeb, E.A., Al-Ansari, A.S. and Roddick, J.G. Changes in the steroidal alkaloid solasodine during development of Solanum nigrum and Solanum incanum. Phytochem., 1997, 46, 489-494.
- Ghazanfar, S. and Al-Sabahi, A. Medicinal plants of northern and central Oman (Arabia). Econ. Bot., 1993, 47, 89-98.
- Trivedi, P. and Pundarikakshudu, K. Novel TLC densitometric method for quantification of solasodine in various Solanum species, market samples and formulations. Chromat. A., 2007, 65, 239-243.
- Dinan, L., Harmatha, J. and Lafont, R. Chromatographic procedures for the isolation of plant steroids. J. Chromat. A., 2001, 935, 105-123.
- Sanchez-Mata, M.C., Yokoyama, W.E., Hong, Y.J. and Prohens, J. α-Solasonine and α-Solamargine Contents of Gboma (Solanum macrocarpon L.) and Scarlet (Solanum aethiopicum L.) Eggplants. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2010, 58(9), 5502-5508
- Tiossi, R.F.J, Miranda, M.A., Sousa, J.P.B.D., Praca, F.S.G., Bentley, M.V.L.B, Mcchesney, J.D. and Bastos, J.K. A validated reverse phase HPLC analytical method for quantitation of glycoalkaloids in Solanum lycocarpum and its extracts. J. Anal. Methods Chem., 2012, 2012, 1-8
- Lee, M.H., Cheng, J.J., Lin, C.Y., Chen, Y.J. and Lu, M.K. Precursor-feeding strategy for the production of solanine, solanidine and solasodine by a cell culture of Solanum lyratum. Process Biochem., 2007, 42, 899-903.
- Anitha, S. and Kumari, B.R. Reserpine accumulation in NaCl treated calli of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. Sci. Asia, 2006, 32, 417-419.
- Ahmad, R. and Abdullah, Z. Salinity induced changes in the growth and chemical composition of potato. Pak. J. Bot., 1979, 11, 103-112.
References
López-Climent, M.F., Arbona, V., Pérez-Clemente, R.M. and Gómez-Cadenas, A. Relationship between salt tolerance and photosynthetic machinery performance in citrus. Environ. and Exptal. Bot., 2008, 62, 176-184.
Zribi, L., Fatma, G., Fatma, R., Salwa, R., Hassan, N. and Néjib, R.M. Application of chlorophyll fluorescence for the diagnosis of salt stress in tomato “Solanum lycopersicum (variety Rio Grande)”. Scientia Horti., 2009, 120, 367-372.
Da Silva, E.C., Nogueira, R.J.M.C., De Araújo, F.P., De Melo, N.F. and De Azevedo, Neto A.D. Physiological responses to salt stress in young umbu plants. Enviro. and Expt. Bot., 2008, 63, 147-157.
Wahid, A., Perveen, M., Gelani, S. and Basra, S.M.A. Pretreatment of seed with H2O2 improves salt tolerance of wheat seedlings by alleviation of oxidative damage and expression of stress proteins. J.Plant Physio., 2007, 164, 283-294.
Houle, G., Morel, L., Reynolds, C.E. and Siégel, J. The effect of salinity on different developmental stages of an endemic annual plant, Aster laurentianus (Asteraceae). Am. J. Bot., 2001, 88, 62-67.
Yang, F., Xiao, X., Zhang, S., Korpelainen, H. and Li, C. Salt stress responses in Populus cathayana Rehder. Plant Sci., 2009, 176, 669-677.
Perica, S., Goreta, S. and Selak, G.V. Growth, biomass allocation and leaf ion concentration of seven olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars under increased salinity. Sci. Hort., 2008, 117, 123-129.
Lakhdar, A., Hafsi, C., Rabhi, M., Debez, A., Montemurro, F., Abdelly, C., Jedidi, N. and Ouerghi, Z. Application of municipal solid waste compost reduces the negative effects of saline water in Hordeum maritimum L. Biores. Tech., 2008, 99, 7160-7167.
Parida, A.K. and Das, A.B. Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: A review. Ecotoxicology and Enviro. Safety., 2005, 60, 324-349.
Kiliç, C.C, Kukul, Y.S. and Anaç, D. Performance of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) as a salt-removing crop. Agricultural Water Management., 2008, 95, 854-858.
Jasmin, Š., Daria, L. and Mohamed, R.A. In vitro production of solasodine alkaloid in Solanum nigrum under salinity stress; J. Phytol., 2011, 3(1), 43-49.
Bhat, M.A, Ahmad, S., Aslam, J. and Mujib, A.M. Salinity stress enhances production of solasodine in Solanum nigrum L. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 2008, 56, 17-21.
Maurya, A., Manika, N., Verma, R.K., Singh, S.C. and Srivastava, S.K. Simple and reliable methods for the determination of three steroidal glycosides in the eight species of Solanum by reversed-phase HPLC coupled with diode array detection. Phytochem. Anal., 2013, 24, 87-92.
Carman, A.S., Kuan, S.S., Ware, G.M., Francis, O.J. and Kirschenheuter, G.P. Rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of the potato glycoalkaloids α-solanine and α-chaconine. J. Agric. Food Chem., 1986, 34(2), 279–282.
Milner, S.E., Brunton, N.P., Jones, P.W., O’ Brien, N.M., Collins, S.G. and Maguire, A.R. Bioactivities of glycoalkaloids and their aglycones from Solanum species. J. Agric and Food Chem., 2011, 59, 3454-3484.
Friedman, M. and Dao, L. Distribution of glycoalkaloids in potato plants and commercial potato products. J. Agric Food Chem., 1992, 40, 419-423.
Manase, M.J., Mitaine-Offer A-C, Pertuit, D., Miyamoto, T., Tanaka, C., Delemasure, S., Dutartre, P., Mirjolet, J.F, Duchamp, O. and Lacaille-Dubois, M.A. Solanum incanum and S. heteracanthum as sources of biologically active steroid glycosides: Confirmation of their synonymy. Fitoterapia, 2012, 83, 1115-1119.
Eltayeb, E.A., Al-Ansari, A.S. and Roddick, J.G. Changes in the steroidal alkaloid solasodine during development of Solanum nigrum and Solanum incanum. Phytochem., 1997, 46, 489-494.
Ghazanfar, S. and Al-Sabahi, A. Medicinal plants of northern and central Oman (Arabia). Econ. Bot., 1993, 47, 89-98.
Trivedi, P. and Pundarikakshudu, K. Novel TLC densitometric method for quantification of solasodine in various Solanum species, market samples and formulations. Chromat. A., 2007, 65, 239-243.
Dinan, L., Harmatha, J. and Lafont, R. Chromatographic procedures for the isolation of plant steroids. J. Chromat. A., 2001, 935, 105-123.
Sanchez-Mata, M.C., Yokoyama, W.E., Hong, Y.J. and Prohens, J. α-Solasonine and α-Solamargine Contents of Gboma (Solanum macrocarpon L.) and Scarlet (Solanum aethiopicum L.) Eggplants. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2010, 58(9), 5502-5508
Tiossi, R.F.J, Miranda, M.A., Sousa, J.P.B.D., Praca, F.S.G., Bentley, M.V.L.B, Mcchesney, J.D. and Bastos, J.K. A validated reverse phase HPLC analytical method for quantitation of glycoalkaloids in Solanum lycocarpum and its extracts. J. Anal. Methods Chem., 2012, 2012, 1-8
Lee, M.H., Cheng, J.J., Lin, C.Y., Chen, Y.J. and Lu, M.K. Precursor-feeding strategy for the production of solanine, solanidine and solasodine by a cell culture of Solanum lyratum. Process Biochem., 2007, 42, 899-903.
Anitha, S. and Kumari, B.R. Reserpine accumulation in NaCl treated calli of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. Sci. Asia, 2006, 32, 417-419.
Ahmad, R. and Abdullah, Z. Salinity induced changes in the growth and chemical composition of potato. Pak. J. Bot., 1979, 11, 103-112.