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Abstract
The chemical contents and compositions of four essential oils extracted from leaves, branches, fruits and gum-resin of Juniperus excelsa from Jabal Al-Akhdhar in the Sultanate of Oman were studied using infra-red (IR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). IR analysis revealed the presence of C-H, O-H, C=C and C=O functionality bonds with varied intensities. The GC-MS study showed the occurrence of 35 different monoterpenes of which 11 (31.43%) monoterpenes were shared by the four oils. α-Pinene was detected in branches and gum-resin oils as a major compound with different proportions (80.50% in gum oil and 79.03% in branches oil). The major component in leaf and fruit oils was the monoterpene limonene with proportions of 50.46% and 42.51%, respectively. Sesquiterpenes exist in leaf, branch and fruit essential oils but not in gum-resin oil. The essential oil of the leaves showed stronger antioxidant and radical scavenging activities than the other oils.
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References
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- Hussain, J., Ur-Rehman, N., Al-Harrasi, A., Ali, L., Khan, A.-L., Albroumi, A.- L. Essential oil composition and nutrient analysis of selected medicinal plants in Sultanate of Oman, Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis. 2013, 3, 421-428.
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References
Sass-Klaassen, U., Leuschner, H.H., Buerkert, A. and Helle, G. Tree-ring analysis of Juniperus excelsa from the northern Oman mountains. Tree Rings in Archaeology, Climatology and Ecology, 2007, 6, 83-90.
Coode, M.J.E. and Cullen, J. In: Davis PH, editor. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh: Edinburgh, University Press, 1965, 1, 352.
Kerfoot, O. and Lavranos, J.J. Notes Royal Botanical Garden Edinburg, 1984, 4, 483.
Schlecht, E., Dickhoefer, U., Gumpertsberger, E. and Buerkert, A. Grazing itineraries and forage selection of goats in the Al Jabal al Akhdar mountain range of northern Oman. J. Arid. Environ. 2009,73, 355-363.
Nadkarni, K.M. Popular Prakashan, Bombay, Indian materia medica., 3rd ed. 1976, 713.
Baquar, S.R. Medicinal and poisonous plants of Pakistan. Printas, Karachi, 1989, 248-249.
Moein, M.R. Ghasemi, Y. Moein, S. and Nejati, M. Analysis of antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of Juniperus excelsa M. B subsp. Polycarpos (K. Koch) Takhtajan essential oil. Pharmacognosy Res., 2010, 2, 128-131.
Usmanghani, K., Saeed, A. and Alam, M.T. Indusyunic medicine. University of Karachi Press, Karachi, 1997, 468-469.
Muhammad, I., Mossa, J.S., Al-Yahya, M.A., Ramadan, A.F. and El-Feraly, F.S. Further antibacterial diterpenes from the bark and leaves of Juniperus procera Hochst. ex Endl. Phytother Res., 2006, 9,584-588.
Marina, D., Sokovi, J., Risti, M. and Grubi, A. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of the essential oil from Juniperus excelsa berries. Pharm. Biol., 2004, 42, 328-334.
Khan, M., Khan, A., Ur-Rehman, N. and Gilani, A. Pharmacological explanation for the medicinal use of Juniperus excelsa in hyperactive gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders. J. Nat. Med., 2012, 66, 292-301.
Muhammad, I., Mossai, J.S. and El-Feraly, F.S., Antibacterial diterpenes from the leaves and seeds of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb., Phytotherapy Research, 1992, 6, 261.
Topçu, G., Erenler, R., Çakmak, O., Johansson, B.C., Çelik, C., Chai, H.-B. and Pezzuto, J.M. Diterpenes from the berries of Juniperus excels, Phytochemistry, 1999, 50,1195-1199.
Akimov, Y.A., Kuznestsov, S.I., Nilov, G.I., Chirkina, N.N., Krylova, A.P. and Litvinenko, R.M. Essential oils of junipers from ancient Mediterranean region. Composition, properties and prospective for use. Tr. Nikitsk. Botan. Sad., 1976, 69, 79-93.
Thappa, R.K., Aggarwal, S.G., Kapahi, B.K. and Sarin, Y.K. Juniperus excelsa leaf oil, a new source of cedrol. J. Nat. Prod., 1987, 50, 323-324.
Adam, R.P. The chemical composition of leaf oils of Juniperus excels, J. Essent. Oil Res., 1990, 2, 45-48.
Ehsani1, E., Akbari, K., Teimouri, M. and Khadem, A. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of two Juniperus species essential oils. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2012, 6, 6704-6710.
Hussain, J., Ur-Rehman, N., Al-Harrasi, A., Ali, L., Khan, A.-L., Albroumi, A.- L. Essential oil composition and nutrient analysis of selected medicinal plants in Sultanate of Oman, Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis. 2013, 3, 421-428.
Prieto, P., Pineda, M. and Aguilar, M. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: Specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Anal. Biochem., 1999, 269, 337-341.
Blois, M.S. Antioxidant determination by the use of a stable free radical. Nature, 1958, 181, 1199-1200.