Molecular and Clinical Features of Heterogeneous Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in Tertiary Care Hospitals in South India

Abstract

Objectives: This study aimed to detect heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (hVISA) among methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolated from healthcare-associated infections and identify staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types. Methods: This study was conducted from February 2019 to March 2020 and included patients admitted in 4 tertiary care hospitals in Karnataka, India. Isolation and identification of MRSA were done using standard bacteriological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion; macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B phenotypes were identified using the D test. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of vancomycin was determined using agar dilution. hVISA were confirmed by the modified population analysis profile-area under the curve test. SCCmec types and the Panton- Valentine leukocidin (pvl) gene were detected using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Results: Of 220 MRSA stains, 14 (6.4%) were hVISA. None of the MRSA isolates was vancomycin-intermediate or -resistant and all hVISA were susceptible to linezolid and teicoplanin. The macrolide-streptogramin B phenotype was present in 42.9% of hVISA; 92.9% of the hVISA strains had vancomycin MIC in the range of 1–2 μg/mL. Majority of the hVISA and vancomycin-susceptible MRSA were isolated from patients with skin and soft tissue infections. SCCmec III and IV were present in 50% and 35.7% of hVISA, respectively; 14.3% of the hVISA harboured SCCmec V. Conclusion: The prevalence rate of hVISA among MRSA was 6.4%. Therefore, MRSA strains should be tested for hVISA before starting vancomycin treatment. None of the isolates was vancomycin-intermediate or -resistant and all the hVISA strains were susceptible to linezolid and teicoplanin. The majority of the hVISA were isolated from patients with skin and soft tissue infections and harboured SCCmec III and IV.

Keywords: MRSA; Hospital Infection; Molecular Typing; Vancomycin; India.