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Abstract
As the world prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) increases, animal models of the disease's progression are required for researching effective treatment. The streptozotocin (STZ) treated rat is known to cause hyperglycaemia. This study confirms that this animal model also displays DM physiological effects in the animal heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV). In particular, 5 minutes of rat (n=13) electrocardiogram (ECG) is acquired hourly for 30 days. At day 10, the animal (n=7) is dosed with STZ and the ECG is analyzed in order to determine the HR and HRV. The HRV is indexed using two time-based analyses, based on long-term (24hr) and short-term (5min) analyses. All analyses are compared to control non-STZ dosed animals (n=6) and display significant DM effects.
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References
- Al-Hazimi, A., Al-Ama, N., Syiamic, A., Qosti, R. and Abdel-Galil, K., 2002, “Time-domain Analysis of Heart Tate Variability in Diabetic Patients with and without Autonomic Neuropathy, Annals of Saudi Medicine,” Vol. 22, pp. 5-6.
- Amos, A.F., McCarty, D.J. and Zimmet, P., 1997, “The Rising Global Burden of Diabetes and its Complications: Estimates and Projections to the Year 2010,” Diabetic Medicine, 14: S1-S85.
- Bootsma, M., Swenne, C. A., Van Bolhuis, H. H., Chang, P. C., Cats, V. M. and Bruschke, A. V., 1994, “Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability as Indexes of Sympathovagal Balance,” Am. J. Physiol 266, H1565-H1571.
- Cerutti, S., Bianchi, A. M. and Mainardi, L. T., 1995,
- “Spectral Analysis of the Heart Rate Variability Signal,” Heart Rate Variability, Futura Publishing Company.
- Choi, K.M., Zhong, Y., Hoit, B.D., Grupp, I.L., Hahn, H., Dilly, K.W., Guatimosin, S., Lederer, W.J. and Matlib, M.A., 2002, “Defective Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling contributes to Cardiomyopathy in Type 1 Diabetic Rats,” Am J Physiol, 283: H1398-H1408.
- Dhalla, N.S., Pierce, G.N., Innes, I.R. and Beamish, R.E., 1985, “Pathogenesis of Cardiac Dysfunction in Diabetes Mellitus,” Can J Cardiol, Vol. 1, pp. 263- 281.
- Howarth, F.C., Qureshi A, Lawrence P. and Adeghate E., 2000, “Chronic Effects of Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes on the Ultrastructure of Rat Ventricular and Papillary Muscle,” Acta Diabetol, Vol. 37, pp. 119- 124.
- Howarth, F.C., Qureshi, M.A. and White, E., 2002, “Effects of Hyperosmotic Shrinking on Ventricular Myocyte Contraction and Intracellular Ca2+ in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats,” Pflügers Archiv, Vol. 444, pp. 446-451.
- Howarth, F.C., Qureshi, M.A., Bracken, N.K., Winlow, W. and Singh, J., 2001, “Time-dependent Effects of Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes on Contraction of Ventricular Myocytes from Rat Heart,” EmiratesMedical Journal, Vol. 19, pp. 35-41.
- King, H., Aubert, R.E. and Herman, W.H., 1998, “Global Burden of Diabetes, 1995-2025: Prevalence, Numerical Estimates, and Projections,” Diabetes Care, Vol. 21, pp. 1414-1431.Kleiger, R. E., Stein, P. K., Bosner, M. S. and Jeffrey, N.
- R., 1995, “Timed-doman Measurements of Heart Rate Variability,” Heart Rate Variability, Futura Publishing Company.
- Markuszewski, L., Bissinger, A., Rosiak, M., Kuberska- Kedzierska, M. and Rogulski, B., 2005, “Heart Rate Turbulence and Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus,” Folia Cardiologica, 12, supl. C; p. 181.
- Okayama, H., Hamada, M. and Hiwada, K., 1994, “Contractile Dysfunction in the Diabetic-Rat Heart is an Intrinsic Abnormality of the Cardiac Myocyte,” Clinical Science, Vol. 86, pp. 257-262.
- Ori, Z., et al. 1992, “Heart Rate Variability,” Frequency Domain Analysis, Cardiology Clinics, Vol. 10(3), pp. 499-537.
- Ren, J. and Davidoff, A.J., 1997. “Diabetes Rapidly Induces Contractile Dysfunctions in Isolated Ventricular Myocytes,” Am J Physiol, Vol. 272, pp. H148-H158.
- Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology., 1996, “Heart Rate Variability, Standards of Measurement, Physiological Interpretations, and Clinical Use,” European Heart Journal, Vol. 17, p. 354.
- Vinik, A. and Flemmer, M., 2002, “Diabetes and Macrovascular Disease,” J. of Diabetes and its Complications, Vol. 16, pp. 235-245.
- Wood, D., 1998, “Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Clinical Practice,” Recommendations of the Second Joint Task Force of European and other Societies on Coronary Prevention, Arteriosclerosis, Vol. 140, pp. 199-270.
References
Al-Hazimi, A., Al-Ama, N., Syiamic, A., Qosti, R. and Abdel-Galil, K., 2002, “Time-domain Analysis of Heart Tate Variability in Diabetic Patients with and without Autonomic Neuropathy, Annals of Saudi Medicine,” Vol. 22, pp. 5-6.
Amos, A.F., McCarty, D.J. and Zimmet, P., 1997, “The Rising Global Burden of Diabetes and its Complications: Estimates and Projections to the Year 2010,” Diabetic Medicine, 14: S1-S85.
Bootsma, M., Swenne, C. A., Van Bolhuis, H. H., Chang, P. C., Cats, V. M. and Bruschke, A. V., 1994, “Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability as Indexes of Sympathovagal Balance,” Am. J. Physiol 266, H1565-H1571.
Cerutti, S., Bianchi, A. M. and Mainardi, L. T., 1995,
“Spectral Analysis of the Heart Rate Variability Signal,” Heart Rate Variability, Futura Publishing Company.
Choi, K.M., Zhong, Y., Hoit, B.D., Grupp, I.L., Hahn, H., Dilly, K.W., Guatimosin, S., Lederer, W.J. and Matlib, M.A., 2002, “Defective Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling contributes to Cardiomyopathy in Type 1 Diabetic Rats,” Am J Physiol, 283: H1398-H1408.
Dhalla, N.S., Pierce, G.N., Innes, I.R. and Beamish, R.E., 1985, “Pathogenesis of Cardiac Dysfunction in Diabetes Mellitus,” Can J Cardiol, Vol. 1, pp. 263- 281.
Howarth, F.C., Qureshi A, Lawrence P. and Adeghate E., 2000, “Chronic Effects of Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes on the Ultrastructure of Rat Ventricular and Papillary Muscle,” Acta Diabetol, Vol. 37, pp. 119- 124.
Howarth, F.C., Qureshi, M.A. and White, E., 2002, “Effects of Hyperosmotic Shrinking on Ventricular Myocyte Contraction and Intracellular Ca2+ in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats,” Pflügers Archiv, Vol. 444, pp. 446-451.
Howarth, F.C., Qureshi, M.A., Bracken, N.K., Winlow, W. and Singh, J., 2001, “Time-dependent Effects of Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes on Contraction of Ventricular Myocytes from Rat Heart,” EmiratesMedical Journal, Vol. 19, pp. 35-41.
King, H., Aubert, R.E. and Herman, W.H., 1998, “Global Burden of Diabetes, 1995-2025: Prevalence, Numerical Estimates, and Projections,” Diabetes Care, Vol. 21, pp. 1414-1431.Kleiger, R. E., Stein, P. K., Bosner, M. S. and Jeffrey, N.
R., 1995, “Timed-doman Measurements of Heart Rate Variability,” Heart Rate Variability, Futura Publishing Company.
Markuszewski, L., Bissinger, A., Rosiak, M., Kuberska- Kedzierska, M. and Rogulski, B., 2005, “Heart Rate Turbulence and Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus,” Folia Cardiologica, 12, supl. C; p. 181.
Okayama, H., Hamada, M. and Hiwada, K., 1994, “Contractile Dysfunction in the Diabetic-Rat Heart is an Intrinsic Abnormality of the Cardiac Myocyte,” Clinical Science, Vol. 86, pp. 257-262.
Ori, Z., et al. 1992, “Heart Rate Variability,” Frequency Domain Analysis, Cardiology Clinics, Vol. 10(3), pp. 499-537.
Ren, J. and Davidoff, A.J., 1997. “Diabetes Rapidly Induces Contractile Dysfunctions in Isolated Ventricular Myocytes,” Am J Physiol, Vol. 272, pp. H148-H158.
Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology., 1996, “Heart Rate Variability, Standards of Measurement, Physiological Interpretations, and Clinical Use,” European Heart Journal, Vol. 17, p. 354.
Vinik, A. and Flemmer, M., 2002, “Diabetes and Macrovascular Disease,” J. of Diabetes and its Complications, Vol. 16, pp. 235-245.
Wood, D., 1998, “Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Clinical Practice,” Recommendations of the Second Joint Task Force of European and other Societies on Coronary Prevention, Arteriosclerosis, Vol. 140, pp. 199-270.