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Abstract
Natural architecture uses locally produced materials to assure the strength of the construction elements. Palm tree is widely planted in the Gulf Countries and its annual abounded residues constitutes a greater environmental burden of being neglected and rarely used or recycled in efficient ways. The paper discusses the potential changes in the physical properties of pure gypsum cubes when utilizing additives such as the ash and saw dust of palm tree residues. The additives were added in various proportions by weight. Four groups of different laboratory tests were conducted on four different groups of cubic samples made of pure gypsum powder, admixture of gypsum and palm tree ash, and admixture of gypsum and palm tree saw dust. Results showed that both sawdust and ash of palm tree have significantly enhanced the physical properties of gypsum cubes tested in this paper, weight, porosity, and compressive strength.
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References
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References
Abu-Sharkh B F, Hamid H (2004), Degradation study of date palm fibre/polypropylene composites in natural and artificial weathering: Mechanical and thermal analysis. Journal of Polymer Degradation and Stability 85: 967–973.
Ahmad F, Abdel-Rahman H, Al-Juruf R, Alam I (1988), Physical, mechanical and durability characteristics of date palm frond stalks as reinforcement in structural concrete. International Journal of Cement Composite and Lightweight Concrete 10(3): 175-180.
Al-Dosary N H (2009), Effect of leaf pinaes chemical composition of different date palm cultivar on infection by whit scale insect parlatoria blanchardii targ. Homoptera: Coccinea: Diaspidae, Date Palm Research Center- Basrah University, Basrah, Iraq.
Algarny A, Al-Naimi I, Alhefnawi M (2016), Enhancing the properties of gypsum as an indoor finishing material using palm tree residues. KKU of Basic and Applied Science 2(2), 111-118.
Arikan M, Sobolev K (2002), The optimization of a gypsum-based composite material. Journal of Cement Concrete Research 32 (11): 1725–1728.
ASTM Designation: C 20 – 00 (2000), Standard test methods for apparent porosity, water absorption, apparent specific gravity, and bulk density of burned refractory brick and shapes by boiling water. ASTM. PA. United States.
Brencis R, Skujans J, Iljins U, Ziemelis I, Osits O (2011), Research on foam gypsum with hemp fibrous reinforcement. Journal of Chemical Engineering Transformation 25:159-164.
Dai D, Fan M (2015a), Preparation of gypsum/sawdust green composite with spray coating. RSC Advances Journal. An online article at: http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/ 2015/ra/c5ra18707a#!divAbstract. Last accessed on 22/2/2019.
Dai D, Fan M (2015b), Preparation of bio-composite from wood sawdust and gypsum. Journal of Industrial Crops and Products 74(15): 417–424.
Danso H, Martinson D, Ali M, Williams J (2015), Physical, mechanical and durability properties of soil building blocks reinforced with natural fibers. Journal of Construction and Building Materials 101 (1): 797-809.
Eg EuroGypsum (2017), Living with gypsum: from raw material to finished product. An online article at: www.euroGypsum.org. Last accessed on 11/2/2019.
Encyclopedia Britannica EB (2019a), Wax. An online article at: http://www.britannica.com/technology/wax. Last accessed 30/2/2019.
Encyclopedia Britannica EB (2019b), Phenol chemical compounds. An online article at: http://www.britannica.com/science/phenol. Last accessed 30/2/2019.
Hai Alami A (2013), Experiments on unfired masonry clay bricks mixed with palm fronds and date pits for thermal insulation applications. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 5 (2): 31-36.
Jia-yan L, Zhen-hua H, Yu-he D, De-xin Z, Wen L, Ling X, Mei Z (2008), The effects of wood-gypsum ratio, water-gypsum ratio and temperature on the properties of the gypsum sawdust board. Journal of Nanjing University (Natural Science Edition). An online article at: http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-NJLY200805021.htm. last accessed on 20/2/2019.
Karni J, Karni E (1995), Gypsum in construction: origin and properties. Journal of Materials and Structures 28 (2): 92-100.
Kriker A, Debicki G, Bali A, Khenfer M M, Chabannet M (2005), Mechanical properties of date palm fibres and concrete reinforced with date palm fibres in hot-dry climate. Journal of Cement and Concrete Composites 27 (5):554-564.
Li G, Yu Y, Zhao Z, Li J, Li C (2003), Properties study of cotton stalk fiber / gypsum composite. Journal of Cement and Concrete Research 33 (1): 43–46.
Liangyuan L, Zongli S (2007), Research on contributing factors of gypsum-based composite material performance. New Building Materials. An online article at: http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-XXJZ200705000.htm. Last accessed on 06/2/2019.
Okunade E A (2008), The effect of wood ash and sawdust admixtures on the engineering properties of a burnt laterite - clay brick. Journal of Applied Sciences 8(6): 1042–1048.
Sari A (2014), Composites of polyethylene glycol with gypsum and natural clay as new kinds of building PCMs for low temperature-thermal energy storage. Journal of Energy and Buildings 69: 184–192.
Sharma V, Marwaha B, Vinayak H (2016), Enhancing durability of adobe by natural reinforcement for propagating sustainable mud housing. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment 5 (1): 141-155.
Sharma V, Vinayak H, Marwaha B (2015a), Enhancing compressive strength of soil using natural fibers. Journal of Construction and Building Materials 93: 943-949.
Sharma V, Vinayak H, Marwaha B (2015b), Enhancing sustainability of rural adobe houses of hills by addition of vernacular fiber reinforcement. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment 4 (2): 348-358.
Turgut P, Algin H (2007), Limestone dust and wood sawdust as brick material. Journal of Building and Environment 42 (9): 3399–3403.
Villamizar M, Araque V, Reyes C, Silva R (2012), Effect of the addition of coal-ash and cassava peels on the engineering properties of compressed earth blocks. Journal of Construction and Building Materials 36: 276-286.
Wu YF (2004), The effect of longitudinal reinforcement on the cyclic shear behavior of glass fiber reinforced gypsum wall panels. Journal of Engineering Structures 26 (11): 1633–1646.
Zak P, Ashour T, Korjenic A, Korjenic S, Wu W (2016), The influence of natural reinforcement fibers, gypsum and cement on compressive strength of earth bricks materials. Journal of Construction and Building Materials 106: 179-188.
Zhou S B, Xiao A G, Chen Y Z, Chen G, Hao A P, Chen Y D, Huang X B (2013), The preparation and performance of gypsum-based composites. Journal of Applied Mechanics and Materials 310: 46-50.