Main Article Content

Abstract

ABSTRACT: A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritional value of waste from lettuce, green cabbage, red cabbage and cauliflower to determine their potential use for feeding to livestock. Vegetable wastes were dried in a solar tunnel drier. The crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), total ash, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were 24.1, 2.7, 24.7, 29.3 and 29.0%; 17.7, 2.3, 13.7, 25.6, and 28.7%; 11.9, 1.9, 8.8, 23.1 and 25.6%; 10.3, 0.5, 7.0, 16.1 and 19.6 % (DM basis) in cauliflower, lettuce, green cabbage and red cabbage, respectively. The gross energy (MJ/kg DM) in cauliflower  and green cabbage (16.9 and 16.6) was higher than that observed in red cabbage and lettuce (14.1 and14.3). The red and green cabbage waste had higher net gas production (73 and 71 ml/g DM/12h) compared to the lettuce and cauliflower vegetable waste (51 and 48 ml/g DM/12h respectively). The green and red cabbage waste had significantly higher metabolizable energy (ME) (approximately 12 MJ/kg DM) than both lettuce and cauliflower waste (approximately 9 MJ/kg DM). The in vitro DM and OM digestibility (OMD) in green and red cabbage waste was significantly higher than in lettuce and cauliflower. The green and red cabbage waste had significantly higher short chain fatty acids (SCFA) (1.7 and 1.6 µmol) than lettuce and cauliflower (1.2 and 1.1 µmol). It was concluded that leafy vegetable waste (lettuce, green cabbage, red cabbage and cauliflower) is an excellent source of nutrients which can potentially be used after drying as an animal feed to reduce animal feeding costs and consequently increase farmers’ profits. This would also help in waste management and the reduction of environmental pollution.

Keywords

Vegetable wastes Lettuce Cauliflower Cabbage

Article Details

Author Biographies

Osman Mahgoub, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University P.O.Box 36, PC 123, Al Khoud, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman

Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

Yasmin Eltahir, College of Agricultural & Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University P.O.Box 36, PC 123, Al Khoud, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman

Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences,

Sadeq Al-Lawatia, College of Agricultural & Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University P.O.Box 36, PC 123, Al Khoud, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman

Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences,

Abdulrahim M. Al-Ismaili, College of Agricultural & Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 34, Al-Khod 123, Sultanate of Oman.

Department of Soil, Water and Agricultural Engineering

References

  1. Makkar, H.P.S. Opinion Paper: Food loss and waste to animal feed. Animal, 2017, 1-3 (doi:10.1017/S17517311170000702)
  2. Thieme, O. and Makkar, H.P.S. Utilisation of loss and waste during the food-production cycle as livestock feed. Animal Production Science,2017,(http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/AN16183.
  3. FAO.FAOSTAT. 2017, http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/196402/icode/ Last accessed 11.07.2017.
  4. Wadhwa, M., Kaushal, S. and Bakshi, M.P.S. Nutritive evaluation of vegetable wastes as complete feed for goat bucks. Small Ruminant Research, 2006,64, 279-284.
  5. Tobias Marino, C., Hector, B., Mazza Rodrigues, P.H., Oliveira Borgatti, L.M., Marques Meyer, P., Alves da Silva, E.J. and Ørskov, E.R. Characterization of vegetables and fruits potential as ruminant feed by in vitro gas production technique. Livestock Research for Rural Development,2010,22, Article #168. Last accessed 18.06.2017.from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/9/mari22168.htm
  6. Wadhwa, M. and Bakshi, M.P.S. Utilization of fruit and vegetable wastes as livestock feed and as substrates for generation of other value-added products. Technical Editor: H.P.S. Makkar. APHCA, FAO, Rome, Italy, 2013.
  7. Laufenberg, G., Kunz, B. and Marianne Nystroem. Transformation of vegetable waste into value added products: (A) the upgrading concept; (B) practical implementations. Bioresource Technology, 2003, 87, 167-198.
  8. AOAC. The Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 15thEdn. Washington, DC, USA.2000.
  9. Roberston, J.B. and Van Soest, P.J. The detergent system of analysis. In: James, W.P.T., Theander, O.(Eds.). The Analysis of Dietary Fiber in Food. Marcel Dekker, NewYork, USA, 1981, 123–158.
  10. Van Soest, P.J., Roberston, J.B. and Lewis, B.A. Methods for dietary fibre NDF and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science,1991,74,3583–3597.
  11. Menke, K.H. and Steingass, H. Estimation of the energetic feed value from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research Development, 1988,28, 7-55.
  12. Getachew, G., Makkar, H.P.S. and Becker, K. Stoichiometric relationship between short chain fat acids and in vitro gas production in presence and polyethyleneglycol for tannin containing browses. EAAP) Satellite Symposium, 1999.
  13. Njidda, A.A. and Nasiru, A. In vitro gas production and dry matter digestibility of tannin-containing forages of semi-arid region of North-Eastern Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 2010, 9, 60-66.
  14. SPSS. 2007. Statistical Packages for Social Sciences. Version 16, SPSS Inc., Illinois, USA.
  15. Basunia, M.A., Handali, H.H., Al-Balushi, M.I., Rahman, M.S., and Mahgoub, O. Development and performance evaluation of a solar tunnel date dryer in Oman. Agricultural and Marine Sciences, 2012,17, 21- 31.
  16. Basunia, M.A., Handali, H.H., Al-Balushi, M.I., Rahman, M.S. and Mahgoub, O. Drying of dates in Oman using a solar tunnel dryer. XVIIth World Congress of the International Commission of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (CIGR) Hosted by the Canadian Society for Bioengineering (CSBE/SCGAB) Québec City, Canada June, 2010, 13-17.
  17. Basunia, M.A., Handali, H.H., Al-Balushi, M.I., Rahman, M.S., and Mahgoub, O. Drying of fish sardines in Oman using solar tunnel dryers. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2011, 1, 108-114. ISSN2161-6264.
  18. Mekasha, Y., Tegegne, A., Yami, A. and Umunna, N.N. Evaluation of non-conventional agro-industrial by-products as supplementary feeds for ruminants: in vitro and metabolism study with sheep. Small Ruminant Research, 2002, 44, 25-35.
  19. Khan, M.I. and Atreja, P.P. Chemical composition of vegetable residues from agro processing plants. Proceeding of the Animal Nutrition Conference held at NDRI, Karnal Abstr. # 071.2001.
  20. Akinfemi, A. Evaluation of nutritive value of vegetable wastes grownin north central Nigeria using in vitro gas production technique in ruminant animals. Journal of Animal Sciences Advances, 2012, 2, 934-940.
  21. Bakshi, M.P.S., Wadhwa, M., Kaushal, S. and Ameir, A.A. In-vitro evaluation of ensiled fruit and vegetable wastes. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2007,24, 12-15.
  22. Thakur, S.S. and Bhatia, D.R. Relative feeding value of three residual forage for goats. Indian Journal of Animal Health, 1985, 24, 85-87.
  23. Gupta, R., Chanchau, T.R. and Lall, D. Nutritional potential of vegetable waste products for ruminants. Bioresource Technology, 1993, 44, 263-265.
  24. Chumpawadee, S., Chantiratikul, A. and Chantiratikul, P. Chemical compositions and nutritional evaluation of energy feds for ruminants using in vitro gas production technique. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 2007, 6, 607-612.